In November 1840, the Great Western Railway started using GMT kept by portable chronometers.
This practice was soon followed by other railway companies in Great Britain and became known as Railway Time. Around August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory.
By 1855, 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island's legal time until August 2, 1880.
Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918. === Worldwide time zones === Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti introduced the idea of a worldwide system of time zones in his book Miranda!, published in 1858.
Dowd proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads around 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869.
Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands, one for the local time and one for GMT. On November 2, 1868, the then British Colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony.
Dowd proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads around 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869.
In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders, the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered on meridian 75° west of Greenwich, with natural borders such as sections of the Appalachian Mountains.
In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders, the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered on meridian 75° west of Greenwich, with natural borders such as sections of the Appalachian Mountains.
In 1876, his first proposal was for a global 24-hour clock, conceptually located at the centre of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian.
However, his book attracted no attention until long after his death. Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879.
In 1879, he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich (180th meridian), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use.
By 1855, 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island's legal time until August 2, 1880.
It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons", when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone. The North American zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific.
He also proposed his system at the International Meridian Conference in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview.
A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916.
The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it "shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable". By about 1900, almost all inhabited places on Earth had adopted a standard time zone, but only some of them used an hourly offset from GMT.
A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916.
A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916.
Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918. === Worldwide time zones === Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti introduced the idea of a worldwide system of time zones in his book Miranda!, published in 1858.
For example, when it is 22:00 on Monday in Egypt (UTC+02:00), it is 01:00 on Tuesday in Pakistan (UTC+05:00). The table "Time of day by zone" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones. == Nautical time zones == Since the 1920s, a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas.
By 1929, the majority of countries had adopted hourly time zones, though some countries such as Iran, India and parts of Australia had time zones with a 30-minute offset.
Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+05:45 in 1986. All nations currently use standard time zones for secular purposes, but not all of them apply the concept as originally conceived.
In Russia, which has 11 time zones, two time zones were removed in 2010 and reinstated in 2014. == Notation == === ISO 8601 === ISO 8601 is a standard established by the International Organization for Standardization defining methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones. If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a "Z" is added directly after the time without a separating space.
In Russia, which has 11 time zones, two time zones were removed in 2010 and reinstated in 2014. == Notation == === ISO 8601 === ISO 8601 is a standard established by the International Organization for Standardization defining methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones. If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a "Z" is added directly after the time without a separating space.
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