These names can only be resolved by a Tor client because of the use of onion routing to protect the anonymity of users. Internet-Draft draft-wkumari-dnsop-internal-00 proposes reserving the use of .internal for "names which do not have meaning in the global context but do have meaning in a context internal to their network", and for which the RFC 6761 reserved names are semantically inappropriate. ==Historical domains== In the late 1980s, InterNIC created the nato domain for use by NATO.
The practice originated in RFC 1597 for reserved address allocations in 1994, and reserved top-level domains in RFC 2606 of 1999.
The nato TLD, no longer used, was finally removed in July 1996. Other historical TLDs are cs for Czechoslovakia (now using cz for Czech Republic and sk for Slovakia), dd for East Germany (using de after reunification of Germany), yu for SFR Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro (now using ba for Bosnia and Herzegovina, hr for Croatia, me for Montenegro, mk for North Macedonia, rs for Serbia and si for Slovenia), and zr for Zaire (now cd for the Democratic Republic of the Congo).
Site owners argued that a similar TLD should be made available for adult and pornographic websites to settle the dispute of obscene content on the Internet, to address the responsibility of US service providers under the US Communications Decency Act of 1996.
The practice originated in RFC 1597 for reserved address allocations in 1994, and reserved top-level domains in RFC 2606 of 1999.
Under the chairmanship of Nigel Roberts, ICANN's ccNSO is working on a policy for retirement of ccTLDs that have been removed from ISO 3166. ==Proposed domains== Around late 2000, ICANN discussed and finally introduced aero, biz, coop, info, museum, name, and pro TLDs.
One notable exception is the 2007 emergence of SWIFTNet Mail, which uses the swift pseudo-domain. The anonymity network Tor formerly used the top-level pseudo-domain onion for Tor hidden services, which can only be reached with a Tor client because it uses the Tor onion routing protocol to reach the hidden service to protect the anonymity of users.
Later biz, info, museum, and name covered most of these old proposals. During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008, ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains".
Since 2009, countries with non–Latin-based scripts may apply for internationalized country code top-level domain names, which are displayed in end-user applications in their language-native script or alphabet, but use a Punycode-translated ASCII domain name in the Domain Name System. Generic top-level domains (formerly categories) initially consisted of gov, edu, com, mil, org, and net.
IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, or independent geographic regions. ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009, and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010.
IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, or independent geographic regions. ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009, and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010.
By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 scripts. ==Infrastructure domain== The domain arpa was the first Internet top-level domain.
The .xxx top-level domain eventually went live in 2011. An older proposal consisted of seven new gTLDs: arts, firm, info, nom, rec, shop, and web.
Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new gTLDs being registered. On 13 June 2012, ICANN announced nearly 2,000 applications for top-level domains, which began installation throughout 2013.
Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new gTLDs being registered. On 13 June 2012, ICANN announced nearly 2,000 applications for top-level domains, which began installation throughout 2013.
The first seven – bike, clothing, guru, holdings, plumbing, singles, and ventures – were released in 2014. ==Pseudo-domains== Several networks, such as BITNET, CSNET, and UUCP, existed that were in widespread use among computer professionals and academic users, but were not interoperable directly with the Internet and exchanged mail with the Internet via special email gateways.
However, the pseudo-domain became officially reserved in October 2015.
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