43¢ per liter ($1.62 per gallon). == Seaways == == Riverways == The main inland waterways are the Amu Darya River, which runs along the northern border, and the Karakum Canal, which runs from east to west from the Amu Darya near the Afghanistan border through Mary and Ashgabat to Bereket. The official beginning of organized navigation on the Amu Darya occurred in 1873.
One heliport was in operation. == Railways == The first rail line in Turkmenistan was built in 1880, from the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Mollagara.
By October 1881 the line was extended to Kyzyl-Arvat (today's Serdar), by 1886 had reached Chardzhou (today's Turkmenabat).
By October 1881 the line was extended to Kyzyl-Arvat (today's Serdar), by 1886 had reached Chardzhou (today's Turkmenabat).
In 1887 a wooden rail bridge was built over the Amu Darya, and the line was continued to Samarkand (1888) and Tashkent (1898).
In 1887-1888 the Gaudan Highway (Гауданское шоссе) was built between Ashgabat and the Persian border at Gaudan Pass, and Persian authorities extended it to Mashad, allowing for easier commercial relations.
Steamboats began plying the Amu Darya in 1888, with reassembly and launching of a Russian-built steamboat delivered to Çärjew in pieces.
The port was opened in October 1896.
The rail line connecting Mary to Serhetabat was completed in 1898, and the train ferry between Kislovodsk (Türkmenbaşy and Baku began operating in 1905. Rail service in Turkmenistan began as part of Imperial Russia's Trans-Caspian Railway, then of the Central Asian Railway.
The Merchant Seaport Authority was founded in 1903.
The rail line connecting Mary to Serhetabat was completed in 1898, and the train ferry between Kislovodsk (Türkmenbaşy and Baku began operating in 1905. Rail service in Turkmenistan began as part of Imperial Russia's Trans-Caspian Railway, then of the Central Asian Railway.
In 1917 there were on the Amu Darya between 20 and 50 self-propelled vessels and about 1500 boats.
In 1923 the Central Asian Turkmenabat Shipping Company began providing services to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and 10 regions of Kazakhstan, and transported loads by water across 1500 kilometers. On August 15, 1992, the Turkmen River Shipping Company was established.
Municipal bus service began in Ashgabat in 1925 with five routes, and taxicab service began in 1938 with five vehicles.
In 1932 an aerodrome was built in Ashgabat on the site of the current Howdan neighborhoods, for both passenger and freight service, the latter mainly to deliver supplies to sulfur mines near Derweze in the Karakum Desert. Airports serving the major cities of Ashgabat, Dashoguz, Mary, Turkmenabat, and Turkmenbashy, which are operated by Turkmenistan's civil aviation authority, Türkmenhowaýollary, feature scheduled domestic commercial air service.
Municipal bus service began in Ashgabat in 1925 with five routes, and taxicab service began in 1938 with five vehicles.
The first phase was approved in 1952, and construction began in 1954.
The first phase was approved in 1952, and construction began in 1954.
By 1959 in the first phase the canal had connected the Amu Darya to the Murghab River.
In 1961 the canal was extended to the Tejen River in a second phase.
A third phase, to bring water to Ashgabat, was accelerated due to the 1961 drought, and water from the Amu Darya was first delivered to the capital city on May 12, 1962.
A third phase, to bring water to Ashgabat, was accelerated due to the 1961 drought, and water from the Amu Darya was first delivered to the capital city on May 12, 1962.
Passenger ferry service to the port of Baku, Azerbaijan as well as rail ferries to other ports on the Caspian Sea (Baku, Aktau) began in 1962.
The road network was extended in the 1970s with construction of republic-level highways connecting Ashgabat and Kazanjik (Bereket), Ashgabat and Bayramaly, Nebit Dag (Balkanabat) and Krasnovodsk (Turkmenbashy), Chardzhou (Türkmenabat) and Kerki, and Mary and Kushka (Serhetabat).
Next followed construction of the Gurtly and Köpetdag Water Reservoirs, and then came the fourth phase, extension of the canal as far as Bereket, which was completed in 1981.
In 1923 the Central Asian Turkmenabat Shipping Company began providing services to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and 10 regions of Kazakhstan, and transported loads by water across 1500 kilometers. On August 15, 1992, the Turkmen River Shipping Company was established.
The railway carries approximately 5.5 million passengers and moves nearly 24 million tons of freight per year. The Tejen-Sarahs-Mashhad railway, built in 1996 by Turkmenistan and Iran, has become a vital freight link of Central Asian-, Russian-, and European rail systems with South Asia and the Persian Gulf.
The primary north-south route is the Ashgabat-Dashoguz Automobile Road (Aşgabat-Daşoguz awtomobil ýoly), built in the 2000s.
The port was substantially reconstructed between 2000 and 2003.
As of 2001 Turkmenistan had an estimated 22,000 kilometers of roads, about 18,000 kilometers of which were paved. The primary west-east motor route is the M37 highway linking the Turkmenbashy International Seaport to the Farap border crossing via Ashgabat, Mary, and Turkmenabat.
In 2003, it was renamed State Concern Turkmen Riverways (Türkmenderýaýollary), but subsequently reverted to a state agency subordinate to a series of ministries.
The port was substantially reconstructed between 2000 and 2003.
In 2006 the Trans-Karakum Railway, a direct link between Ashgabat and Dashoguz, halved travel time between the southern and northern borders. The Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran railway link, part of the North–South Transport Corridor, is a -long railway line connecting Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan with Iran and the Persian Gulf since 2014.
The port authority also oversees operations of the Kenar, Alaja, and Ekerem oil loading terminals. Smaller industrial loading terminals are located at Hazar (oil), Kiyanly (Gyýanly) (plastics), and Garabogaz (urea). In 2006 Turkmenistan had eight merchant marine vessels of more than 1,000 tons displacement, of which four were cargo ships, two were oil tankers, one was for refrigerated cargo, and one was a combination ore and oil ship.
Work in Turkmenistan commenced in Bereket in December 2007 and in Kazakhstan in July 2009, and was completed in late 2014. In late 2016, a railway line from Kerki south to Ymamnazar on the border with Afghanistan and beyond to Aqina in Andkhoy District was opened.
Work in Turkmenistan commenced in Bereket in December 2007 and in Kazakhstan in July 2009, and was completed in late 2014. In late 2016, a railway line from Kerki south to Ymamnazar on the border with Afghanistan and beyond to Aqina in Andkhoy District was opened.
In 2011 95-octane gasoline was priced at $0.72 per gallon ($0.19 per liter).
The new Turkmenabat International Airport was commissioned in February 2018. In 2014, Turkmenistan had an estimated 26 airports.
In 2006 the Trans-Karakum Railway, a direct link between Ashgabat and Dashoguz, halved travel time between the southern and northern borders. The Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran railway link, part of the North–South Transport Corridor, is a -long railway line connecting Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan with Iran and the Persian Gulf since 2014.
Work in Turkmenistan commenced in Bereket in December 2007 and in Kazakhstan in July 2009, and was completed in late 2014. In late 2016, a railway line from Kerki south to Ymamnazar on the border with Afghanistan and beyond to Aqina in Andkhoy District was opened.
Work in Turkmenistan commenced in Bereket in December 2007 and in Kazakhstan in July 2009, and was completed in late 2014. In late 2016, a railway line from Kerki south to Ymamnazar on the border with Afghanistan and beyond to Aqina in Andkhoy District was opened.
The new Turkmenabat International Airport was commissioned in February 2018. In 2014, Turkmenistan had an estimated 26 airports.
This line was subsequently extended to Andkhoy. In February 2018, the existing rail line between Serhetabat and Torghundi in Afghanistan was restored to service.
In recent years tanker transport of oil to the ports of Baku and Makhachkala has increased. In May 2018 construction was completed of a major expansion of the Turkmenbashy seaport.
This line is planned to be extended to Herat, where it could potentially connect to a rail line under construction from Khaf, Iran. ===Rolling stock=== The Asian Development Bank reported in 2021,In 2019, TRA had a rolling stock fleet of 119 diesel locomotives, 10,056 freight wagons, and 425 passenger cars.
A sister project to link Turkmenbashy and Ashgabat was suspended when the Turkish contractor, Polimeks, walked away from the project, reportedly because of non-payment. As of 29 January 2019, the Turkmen Automobile Roads state concern (Türkmenawtoýollary) was subordinated by presidential decree to the Ministry of Construction and Architecture, and responsibility for road construction and maintenance was shifted to provincial and municipal governments.
As of 2019 the national maritime carrier, closed joint-stock company Marine Merchant Fleet, possessed 19 ships, including 4 dry cargo vessels, 7 oil tankers, 2 Ro-Pax ferries, 3 passenger-only ferries, 2 tugboats, and one yacht. == See also == Railways in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Airlines ==External links== RAILWAY SECTOR ASSESSMENT FOR TURKMENISTAN, MARCH 2021 (Asian Development Bank) ==References==
A new toll motorway is under construction between Ashgabat and Turkmenabat by “Türkmen Awtoban” company, which was originally scheduled to construct the 600-km highway in three phases: Ashgabat-Tejen by December 2020, Tejen-Mary by December 2022 and Mary-Turkmenabat by December 2023.
This line is planned to be extended to Herat, where it could potentially connect to a rail line under construction from Khaf, Iran. ===Rolling stock=== The Asian Development Bank reported in 2021,In 2019, TRA had a rolling stock fleet of 119 diesel locomotives, 10,056 freight wagons, and 425 passenger cars.
As a result of delays due to financial shortfalls, the Ashgabat-Tejen phase is now scheduled for completion in September 2021.
As of March 2021, the state-controlled price was 1.50 Turkmenistan manat per liter, or U.S.
In February 2021 the production subsidiary of Türkmenderýaýollary was converted into an open joint-stock company. In the mid-20th century Soviet authorities began construction of the Karakum Canal.
As of 2019 the national maritime carrier, closed joint-stock company Marine Merchant Fleet, possessed 19 ships, including 4 dry cargo vessels, 7 oil tankers, 2 Ro-Pax ferries, 3 passenger-only ferries, 2 tugboats, and one yacht. == See also == Railways in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Airlines ==External links== RAILWAY SECTOR ASSESSMENT FOR TURKMENISTAN, MARCH 2021 (Asian Development Bank) ==References==
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