A few years prior to the death of Lander, the population of Çanakkale was on the rise, from 10,000 in 1800 to 11,000 in 1842.
Not having inherited any wealth, they took to the colonies, married in Ottoman Smyrna in 1815, and settled in Malta, which had changed hands from the French to the British Empire with the Treaty of Paris (1814).
In 1822, the Scottish journalist Charles Maclaren was the first modern scholar to categorically identify Hisarlik as the likely location of Troy.
Published in his Voyage de la Troade, it was the most commonly accepted theory for almost a century. In 1822, the Scottish journalist Charles Maclaren was the first to identify with confidence the position of the city as it is now known.
Further plans for excavation have no end in the foreseeable future. ==== The Calverts ==== Frank Calvert was born into an English Levantine family on Malta in 1828.
They did not do well in Malta, but in 1829 the Dardanelles region underwent an upswing of its business cycle due to historical circumstances.
A new type of job suddenly appeared: British Consul in the Dardanelles, which brought wealth with it. =====Charles Lander===== Charles Lander applied, and was made British Consul of the Dardanelles in 1829.
In 1831 Lander married Adele, a brief but idyllic relationship that gave them three daughters in quick succession.
In 1833 he bought a house in town ample enough to invite his sister's sons to join him in the enterprise.
In 1840 Lander suffered a tragedy when his wife, Adele, died in her 40s, leaving three small children.
A few years prior to the death of Lander, the population of Çanakkale was on the rise, from 10,000 in 1800 to 11,000 in 1842.
When Frank arrived in 1845 with his sister he had nothing much to do.
The women in the family took a supportive role as well. =====Frederick Calvert===== Lander died in 1846 of a fever endemic to the region, leaving Frederick as executor of the will and head of the family.
For a few years he was able to work with Frank in expanding Lander’s library and collection, and in exploring and excavating ancient sites. In 1846 Frederick married Eveline, an heiress of the wealthy Abbotts, owners of some mines in Turkey.
In 1847 he assumed his uncle's consular position.
They had other ambitions: James William Whittall, British consul in Smyrna, was spreading his doctrine of the "Trojan Colonization Society," (never more than an idea) which was influential on the Calverts, whom he visited. ======Calvert investments in the Troad====== In 1847 Frederick invested the profits of the family business in two large tracts in the Troad, amounting to many thousands of acres.
It was more of a manor, operated by farm workers and domestic servants. In 1850–1852 Frederick solved the residence problem by having a mansion built for him in Çanakkale.
After a fall from a horse in 1851, complications forced him to seek medical care in London for 18 months, the first of a series of disasters.
He was back by 1853. ======Crimean War debacle====== The Crimean War began in October 1853 and lasted through February 1856.
He also advised the Medical Department in their choice of a site near Erenköy for a military hospital, named Renkioi Hospital. The army, arriving at Gallipoli in April 1854, did well at first, thanks to the efforts of Frederick Calvert and his peers.
In January, 1855, the government resigned, to be replaced shortly by another determined to do whatever was necessary to obtain a functional supply corps. The army found that it could not after all dispense with the Treasury or its system of payment.
The first investigation went before Parliament in April, 1855.
He was back by 1853. ======Crimean War debacle====== The Crimean War began in October 1853 and lasted through February 1856.
The new investigation lasted until January, 1856, and had nothing favorable to say.
Turning on him, as Smith had done, Brunton denounced him publicly. Criminal charges were brought against Frederick for non-payment of debt to the War Office by the Supreme Consular Court of Istanbul in March, 1857.
Due to difficulty in proving their case, it went on for months, being finally transferred to London, where Frederick joined it in February, 1858.
In 1859 he served a prison term of ten weeks on one debt.
Modern historians who think he was guilty characterize him as a charismatic profiteer of shady ethics, while those who think he was innocent point to his patriotic motives in helping the British Army to the detriment of his own estate and his acquittal by Parliament. Having returned from London in October, 1860, with enough money to restore the family estate, Frederick now turned his attention to the family avocation, archaeology, rejecting a lucrative job offer as a Consul in Syria.
In January, 1861, the consular office was approached by a Turkish merchant, Hussein Aga, requesting 12000 £.
In 1865, Frank Calvert excavated trial trenches on the hill, discovering the Roman settlement.
He knew more than all the visitors he tutored. In 1866, Frank Calvert, the brother of the United States' consular agent in the region, made extensive surveys and published in scholarly journals his identification of the hill of New Ilium (which was on farmland owned by his family) on the same site.
In 1868, Schliemann excavated an initial deep trench across the mound called today "Schliemann's trench." These excavations revealed several cities built in succession.
As Calvert was a principal authority on field archaeology in the region, his findings supplied evidence that Homeric Troy might have existed on the hill, and played a major role in convincing Heinrich Schliemann to dig at Hisarlik. ==== The Schliemanns ==== In 1868, German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann visited Calvert and secured permission to excavate Hisarlik.
She was 17 at the time but together they excavated Troy, sparing no expense. Heinrich began by excavating a trench across the mound of Hisarlik to the depth of the settlements, today called "Schliemann's Trench." In 1871–73 and 1878–79, he discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period.
Therefore, even in the face of economic troubles, the walls remained as elaborate as before, indicating their focus on defense and protection. ==== Schliemann's Troy II ==== When Schliemann came across Troy II, in 1871, he believed he had found Homer's city.
She was 17 at the time but together they excavated Troy, sparing no expense. Heinrich began by excavating a trench across the mound of Hisarlik to the depth of the settlements, today called "Schliemann's Trench." In 1871–73 and 1878–79, he discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period.
He published his findings separately. ====University of Cincinnati==== =====Carl Blegen===== Carl Blegen, professor at the University of Cincinnati, managed the site 1932–38.
The last of the Calvert descendants still in the region had ceded it to the town in 1939.
It remained the major building of the town until it was removed in 1942, due to earlier earthquake damage.
Although the size of this city is unknown due to erosion and regular building activities, there is significant evidence that was uncovered by Blegen in 1953 during an excavation of the site.
Luce from Trinity College, Dublin, presented the results of investigations, begun in 1977, into the geology of the region.
In his research, Blegen came to a conclusion that Troy's nine levels could be further divided into forty-six sublevels, which he published in his main report. ==== Korfmann ==== In 1988, excavations were resumed by a team from the University of Tübingen and the University of Cincinnati under the direction of Professor Manfred Korfmann, with Professor Brian Rose overseeing Post-Bronze Age (Greek, Roman, Byzantine) excavation along the coast of the Aegean Sea at the Bay of Troy.
It was also far inland, yet the general historical tradition suggested it must have been close to the sea. The issues finally devolved on the necessity for further excavation, which was undertaken by Korfmann starting 1988.
He was conducting an excavation in 1992 to locate outer walls of the ancient city.
Kolb also noted the lack of evidence for trade with the Hittite Empire. In August 1993, following a magnetic imaging survey of the fields below the fort, a deep ditch was located and excavated among the ruins of a later Greek and Roman city.
Maybe it will become one of Turkey’s most important frequented historical places." == Site conservation == === Troy Historical National Park === The Turkish government created the Historical National Park at Troy on September 30, 1996.
On modern maps, Ilium is shown a short distance inland from the Scamander estuary, across the Plain of Troy. Troy was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1998. ==The name== The naming conventions relating to the story of "Troy" are quite complex.
In 1998 the park was accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2015 a Term Development Revision Plan was applied to the park.
Most are outdoors, but a permanent canopy covers the site of an early megaron and wall. === UNESCO World Heritage Site === The archaeological site of Troy was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1998. For a site to be named a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it must be claimed to have Outstanding Universal Value.
The cube-shaped building with extensive underground galleries holds more than 40,000 portable artifacts, 2000 of which are on display.
Recent geological findings have permitted the identification of the ancient Trojan coastline, and the results largely confirm the accuracy of the Homeric geography of Troy. In November 2001, the geologist John C.
The question of Troy's status in the Bronze-Age world has been the subject of a sometimes acerbic debate between Korfmann and the Tübingen historian Frank Kolb in 2001–2002. Korfmann proposed that the location of the city (close to the Dardanelles) indicated a commercially oriented city that would have been at the center of a vibrant trade between the Black Sea, Aegean, Anatolian and Eastern Mediterranean regions.
Kolb disputed this thesis, calling it "unfounded" in a 2004 paper.
This discovery of an outer wall away from the tell proves that Troy could have housed many more inhabitants than Schliemann originally thought. ==== Recent developments ==== In summer 2006, the excavations continued under the direction of Korfmann's colleague Ernst Pernicka, with a new digging permit. In 2013, an international team made up of cross-disciplinary experts led by William Aylward, an archaeologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was to carry out new excavations.
A design contest for the architecture had been won by Yalin Mimarlik in 2011.
This discovery of an outer wall away from the tell proves that Troy could have housed many more inhabitants than Schliemann originally thought. ==== Recent developments ==== In summer 2006, the excavations continued under the direction of Korfmann's colleague Ernst Pernicka, with a new digging permit. In 2013, an international team made up of cross-disciplinary experts led by William Aylward, an archaeologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was to carry out new excavations.
A few days before the Wisconsin team was to leave, Turkey cancelled about 100 excavation permits, including Wisconsin's. In March 2014, it was announced that a new excavation would take place to be sponsored by a private company and carried out by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University.
In 1998 the park was accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2015 a Term Development Revision Plan was applied to the park.
One 2016 PhD Thesis complained: "...
These give archeological significance to the site as well. === Troy Museum === In 2018 the Troy Museum (Turkish Troya Müzesi) was opened at Tevfikiye village east of the excavation.
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