While some lines of research did not detect a significant impact, other studies have concluded that heat islands can have measurable effects on climate phenomena at the global scale. ==History== The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon.
A description of the very first report of the UHI by Luke Howard in the late 1810s said that the urban center of London was warmer at night than the surrounding countryside by .
Myrup published the first comprehensive numerical treatment to predict the effects of the urban heat island (UHI) in 1969.
Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.
Prior to the 1990s, relatively few studies of UHI had been published.
This plan is California's approach on how to carry out their goal of combating climate change by reducing greenhouse emissions by 2020 to levels from the 1990s.
The Berkeley Earth group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by , and their results closely matched those obtained from earlier studies. Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report from the IPCC states the following. Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999).
On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.
The Berkeley Earth group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by , and their results closely matched those obtained from earlier studies. Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report from the IPCC states the following. Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999).
In August 2001, rains over Cedar Rapids, Iowa, led to a 10.5C (18.9F) rise in the nearby stream within one hour, which led to a fish kill.
One reason is that urban areas are heterogeneous, and weather stations are often sited in "cool islands" – parks, for example – within urban areas. Studies in 2004 and 2006 attempted to test the urban heat island theory, by comparing temperature readings taken on calm nights with those taken on windy nights.
One reason is that urban areas are heterogeneous, and weather stations are often sited in "cool islands" – parks, for example – within urban areas. Studies in 2004 and 2006 attempted to test the urban heat island theory, by comparing temperature readings taken on calm nights with those taken on windy nights.
The Berkeley Earth group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by , and their results closely matched those obtained from earlier studies. Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report from the IPCC states the following. Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999).
In 2010, researchers at Auburn University and University of Southern California found that the presence of trees are "highly responsive to changes in [neighborhood] income." Low-income neighborhoods tend to have significantly fewer trees than neighborhoods with higher incomes.
McKittrick and Nicolas Nierenberg stated further that "the evidence for contamination of climatic data is robust across numerous data sets." The preliminary results of an independent assessment carried out by the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature group, and made available to the public in October 2011, found that among other scientific concerns raised by skeptics, the urban heat island effect did not bias the results obtained by NOAA, the Hadley Centre and NASA's GISS.
The cap will decline approximately three percent each year in 2013.
This result could partly be attributed to the omission from the gridded data set of a small number of sites ( A 2014 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America looks at the potential of large-scale urban adaptation to counteract the effects of long-term global climate change.
One of the ongoing research projects executed by the class is the Urban Heat Island Study, as shown in this presentation from August 2015, and this presentation from November 2015.
Research is used by campus developers to ensure efficiency and sustainability on campus as the campus grows in attendance and area, and the UHI effect is recognized and discussed briefly in the UCF Urban Forestry Plan from 2015 (on page 11). ==Tree protection ordinances== A variety of local governments have implemented tree and landscape ordinances, which will help communities by providing shade during summer.
The Air Resources Board approved the program to control emissions for newer models from the year 2017 to 2025.
Forest Service found in 2018 that cities in the United States are losing 36 million trees each year.
This plan is California's approach on how to carry out their goal of combating climate change by reducing greenhouse emissions by 2020 to levels from the 1990s.
Investor-owned utilities, community choice aggregators and electric service providers are required to increase procurement to 33% by 2020. Low carbon fuel standards is administered by the California Air Resources Board and attempts to make wider choice of cleaner fuels to Californians.
Producers of petroleum-based fuels are required to reduce the carbon intensity of their products to 10 percent in 2020. Cap and trade is designed to reduce the effects of climate change by setting a cap on greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.
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