They were finally abolished by order of Jérôme Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, in 1811. The Vehmic courts were the regional courts of Westphalia which, in turn, were based on the county courts of Franconia.
They were finally abolished by order of Jérôme Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, in 1811.
An etymology suggested by James Skene in 1824 derives the word from Baumgericht (Lit.
Wigand, Das Femgericht Westfalens (Hamm, 1825, 2nd ed., Halle, 1893) *L.
Tross, Sammlung merkwurdiger Urkunden für die Geschichte der Femgerichte (Hanover, 1826) *F.
In the very first concert of Berlioz's work, on 26 May 1828, the overture was performed along with the Opus 1 Waverley overture, a further indication of Berlioz's debt to Scott's fiction.
Usener, Die frei- und heimlichen Gerichte Westfalens (Frankfort, 1832) *K.
The last Freigraf died in 1835. ==Modern use of the term== Following the abandonment of the Vehmic courts, the term acquired a connotation of mob rule and lynching.
von Wächter, Beiträge zur deutschen Geschichte, insbesondere des deutschen Strafrechts (Tübingen, 1845) *O.
A noun derived from this is Verfemter "outlaw, ostracised person". In an 1856 lecture, philosopher Karl Marx used the Vehmic courts as a metaphor to describe his predictions of the working-class revolution that would sweep Europe. Within the politically heated turmoil of the early German Weimar Republic after World War I, the media frequently used the term Fememord to refer to right-wing political homicides, e.g.
Wächter, Femgerichte und Hexenprozesse in Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1882) *T.
Lindner, Die Feme (Munster and Paderborn, 1888) *F.
Thudichum, Femgericht und Inquisition (Giessen, 1889) *T.
Lindner, Der angebliche Ursprung der Femgerichte aus der Inquisition (Paderborn, 1890) This source combats T.
Wigand, Das Femgericht Westfalens (Hamm, 1825, 2nd ed., Halle, 1893) *L.
Has a chapter on the Holy Vehm; among other things, it describes the practice of "Free As a Bird". This article (or an earlier version) contains text from the public domain Brewer's Reader's Handbook, published in 1898. ==Notes== ==External links== Legal history of the Holy Roman Empire Secret societies in Germany Abuse of the legal system 1811 disestablishments in Germany
Linder's theory concerning the origin of the Fehme. *Dahlmann and Waitz, Quellenkunde (Leipzig, 1906), p. 401; also the supplementary vol.
killed), as it was often quoted throughout the 1920s in mass media reports regarding violent acts of vengeance among the German Right. ==The Vehmic courts in fiction== Vehmic courts play a key role in the novel Anne of Geierstein or, The Maiden of the Mist by Sir Walter Scott in which Archibald von Hagenbach, the Duke of Burgundy's governor at Brisach (Switzerland), is condemned and executed by the Vehmgericht.
In 1926, the 27th Reichstag commission officially differentiated the contemporarily common Fememorde from political assassination in that assassination was by definition exerted upon open political opponents, whereas a Fememord was a form of lethal vengeance committed upon former or current members of an organization that they had become a traitor to.
Lists of works on individual aspects. Daraul, Arkon, A History of Secret Societies, London, Tandem, 1965.
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