1014 or 1031), and Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin (1715 or 1724 – 1763 or 1764). ===Great Books Program=== A university or college Great Books Program is a program inspired by the Great Books movement begun in the United States in the 1920s by Prof.
The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. In classical music, during the nineteenth century a "canon" developed which focused on what was felt to be the most important works written since 1600, with a great concentration on the later part of this period, termed the Classical period, which is generally taken to begin around 1750.
1014 or 1031), and Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin (1715 or 1724 – 1763 or 1764). ===Great Books Program=== A university or college Great Books Program is a program inspired by the Great Books movement begun in the United States in the 1920s by Prof.
1014 or 1031), and Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin (1715 or 1724 – 1763 or 1764). ===Great Books Program=== A university or college Great Books Program is a program inspired by the Great Books movement begun in the United States in the 1920s by Prof.
The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. In classical music, during the nineteenth century a "canon" developed which focused on what was felt to be the most important works written since 1600, with a great concentration on the later part of this period, termed the Classical period, which is generally taken to begin around 1750.
("The Hero as Man of Letters", 1840) ===In the English-speaking world=== ==== British renaissance poetry ==== The canon of Renaissance English poetry of the 16th and early 17th century has always been in some form of flux and towards the end of the 20th century the established canon was criticised, especially by those who wished to expand it to include, for example, more women writers.
A good introduction to the Catalan literary canon is La invenció de la tradició literària by Manel Ollé, from the Open University of Catalonia. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, BAE (Manuel Rivadeneyra, Buenaventura Carlos Aribau, 1846-1888) Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles (Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, ed.
Specifically, he was drawn to the Javanese gamelan, which he first heard at the 1889 Paris Exposition.
Bailly-Baillière, 1905-1918); the same author selected Las cien mejores poesías de la lengua castellana, Victoriano Suárez, 1908 Clásicos Castellanos (Ramón Menéndez Pidal, Centro de Estudios Históricos, eds.
Bailly-Baillière, 1905-1918); the same author selected Las cien mejores poesías de la lengua castellana, Victoriano Suárez, 1908 Clásicos Castellanos (Ramón Menéndez Pidal, Centro de Estudios Históricos, eds.
An earlier attempt had been made in 1909 by Harvard University president Charles W.
1014 or 1031), and Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin (1715 or 1724 – 1763 or 1764). ===Great Books Program=== A university or college Great Books Program is a program inspired by the Great Books movement begun in the United States in the 1920s by Prof.
During the course of the 1920s, Eliot did much to establish the importance of the metaphysical school, both through his critical writing and by applying their method in his own work.
In the 19th century the Baroque fell into great disfavour, but it was revived from around the 1920s, by which time the art of the 18th and 19th century was largely disregarded.
Eliot, for example, championed poet Sir John Davies in an article in The Times Literary Supplement in 1926.
The list numbered more than 300 items by the 1950s, by authors from Aristotle to Albert Camus, and has continued to grow.
The first global recognition came in 1950 when Gwendolyn Brooks was the first black American to win a Pulitzer Prize for Literature.
Marcia J Citron, for example, has examined "the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women [sic] composers from the received 'canon' of performed musical works." Since around 1980 the music of Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179), a German Benedictine abbess, and Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho (born 1952) has achieved international reputations.
Writers from Africa, Turkey, China, Egypt, Peru, and Colombia, Japan, etc., have received Nobel prizes since the late 1960s.
Du Bois. ====Asia and Africa==== Since the 1960s the Western literary canon has been expanded to include writers from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
This is reflected in the Nobel prizes awarded in literature. Yasunari Kawabata (1899 – 1972) was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly-shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award.
Nochlin's essay develops the argument that both formal and social education restricted artistic development to men, preventing women (with rare exception) from honing their talents and gaining entry into the art world. In the 1970s, feminist art criticism continued this critique of the institutionalized sexism of art history, art museums, and galleries, and questioned which genres of art were deemed museum-worthy.
In her 1971 essay, "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?", Linda Nochlin analyzes what she sees as the embedded privilege in the predominantly male Western art world and argues that women's outsider status allowed them a unique viewpoint to not only critique women's position in art, but to additionally examine the discipline's underlying assumptions about gender and ability.
This is reflected in the Nobel prizes awarded in literature. Yasunari Kawabata (1899 – 1972) was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly-shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award.
Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century and one of the best in the Spanish language, he was awarded the 1972 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. García Márquez started as a journalist, and wrote many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories, but is best known for his novels, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975), and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985).
Virago Press began to publish its large list of 19th and early 20th-century novels in 1975 and became one of the first commercial presses to join in the project of reclamation. ====Black authors==== In the twentieth century, the Western literary canon started to include black writers not only from black American writers, but also from the wider black diaspora of writers in Britain, France, Latin America, and Africa.
The decorative arts have traditionally had a much lower critical status than fine art, although often highly valued by collectors, and still tend to be given little prominence in undergraduate studies or popular coverage on television and in print. ===Women and art=== English artist and sculptor Barbara Hepworth DBE (1903 – 1975), whose work exemplifies Modernism, and in particular modern sculpture, is one of the few female artists to achieve international prominence.
Marcia J Citron, for example, has examined "the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women [sic] composers from the received 'canon' of performed musical works." Since around 1980 the music of Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179), a German Benedictine abbess, and Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho (born 1952) has achieved international reputations.
For his body of work, he was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1927 – 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist.
For his body of work, he was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1927 – 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist.
Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century and one of the best in the Spanish language, he was awarded the 1972 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. García Márquez started as a journalist, and wrote many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories, but is best known for his novels, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975), and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985).
Nigerian Wole Soyinka was the first African to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986, and American Toni Morrison was the first black woman to win in 1993. Some early American Black writers were inspired to defy ubiquitous racial prejudice by proving themselves equal to white American authors.
He is best known to Western readers for his 1987 novel Red Sorghum Clan, of which the Red Sorghum and Sorghum Wine volumes were later adapted for the film Red Sorghum.
His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read. Naguib Mahfouz (1911 – 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature.
For his body of work, he was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1927 – 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist.
In the early 1990s, the Canadian Philosophical Association claimed that there is gender imbalance and gender bias in the academic field of philosophy.
A response to Harold Bloom" University Women Writers Project John Searle, "The Storm Over the University," The New York Review of Books, December 6, 1990 Greater Books Literature Western culture Philosophy of education
A different strategy has been observed by The Penguin Book of Renaissance Verse from 1992.
Nigerian Wole Soyinka was the first African to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986, and American Toni Morrison was the first black woman to win in 1993. Some early American Black writers were inspired to defy ubiquitous racial prejudice by proving themselves equal to white American authors.
Yale University Professor of Humanities and famous literary critic Harold Bloom (no relation) has also argued strongly in favor of the canon, in his 1994 book The Books and School of the Ages, and in general the canon remains as a represented idea in many institutions, though its implications continue to be debated. Defenders maintain that those who undermine the canon do so out of primarily political interests, and that such criticisms are misguided and/or disingenuous.
Ōe was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1994 for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today". Guan Moye (b.
My Name Is Red won the 2002 Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger, 2002 Premio Grinzane Cavour, and 2003 International Dublin Literary Award. ====Latin America==== Octavio Paz Lozano (1914 – 1998) was a Mexican poet and diplomat.
My Name Is Red won the 2002 Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger, 2002 Premio Grinzane Cavour, and 2003 International Dublin Literary Award. ====Latin America==== Octavio Paz Lozano (1914 – 1998) was a Mexican poet and diplomat.
My Name Is Red won the 2002 Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger, 2002 Premio Grinzane Cavour, and 2003 International Dublin Literary Award. ====Latin America==== Octavio Paz Lozano (1914 – 1998) was a Mexican poet and diplomat.
His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read. Naguib Mahfouz (1911 – 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature.
1952) is a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic, and recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.
federal government's highest honor for achievement in the [name="jefflect">[http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/jefflect.html Jefferson Lecturers at NEH Website (retrieved May 25, 2009).
1936) is a Peruvian writer, politician, journalist, essayist, college professor, and recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Upon announcing the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature, the Swedish Academy said it had been given to Vargas Llosa "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat". ==Canon of philosophers== The discussion of the literary canon above, especially with regard to "Great Book" and the "debate" over the canon, is also relevant. Ancient Greek philosophy has consistently held a prominent place in the canon.
In 2012, Mo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work as a writer "who with [realism] merges folk tales, history and the contemporary". Orhan Pamuk (b.
In June 2013, a US sociology professor stated that "out of all recent citations in four prestigious philosophy journals, female authors comprise just 3.6 percent of the total.
For his body of work, he was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1927 – 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist.
On his death in April 2014, Juan Manuel Santos, the President of Colombia, described him as "the greatest Colombian who ever lived." Mario Vargas Llosa, (b.
Saariaho's opera L'amour de loin has been staged in some of the world's major opera houses, including The English National Opera (2009) and in 2016 the Metropolitan Opera in New York. ==Visual arts== The backbone of traditional Western art history are artworks commissioned by wealthy patrons for private or public enjoyment.
In 2016 the art of American modernist Georgia O'Keeffe has been staged at the Tate Modern, in London, and is then moving in December 2016 to Vienna, Austria, before visiting the Art Gallery of Ontario, Canada in 2017. ====Historical exclusion of women==== Women were discriminated against in terms of obtaining the training necessary to be an artist in the mainstream Western traditions.
In 2016 the art of American modernist Georgia O'Keeffe has been staged at the Tate Modern, in London, and is then moving in December 2016 to Vienna, Austria, before visiting the Art Gallery of Ontario, Canada in 2017. ====Historical exclusion of women==== Women were discriminated against in terms of obtaining the training necessary to be an artist in the mainstream Western traditions.
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