James Thomson married Margaret Gardner in 1817 and, of their children, four boys and two girls survived infancy.
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 182417 December 1907) was a British mathematical physicist and engineer born in Belfast.
"Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat", published by Carnot in French in 1824, the year of Lord Kelvin's birth, used −267 as an estimate of the absolute zero temperature.
Margaret Thomson died in 1830 when William was six years old. William and his elder brother James were tutored at home by their father while the younger boys were tutored by their elder sisters.
James was intended to benefit from the major share of his father's encouragement, affection and financial support and was prepared for a career in engineering. In 1832, his father was appointed professor of mathematics at Glasgow and the family moved there in October 1833.
James was intended to benefit from the major share of his father's encouragement, affection and financial support and was prepared for a career in engineering. In 1832, his father was appointed professor of mathematics at Glasgow and the family moved there in October 1833.
He attended the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, where his father was a professor in the university department, before beginning study at Glasgow University in 1834 at the age of 10, not out of any precociousness; the University provided many of the facilities of an elementary school for able pupils, and this was a typical starting age. In school, Thomson showed a keen interest in the classics along with his natural interest in the sciences.
At the age of 12 he won a prize for translating Lucian of Samosata's Dialogues of the Gods from Latin to English. In the academic year 1839/1840, Thomson won the class prize in astronomy for his Essay on the figure of the Earth which showed an early facility for mathematical analysis and creativity.
Thomson was a creationist in a broad sense, but he was not a 'flood geologist' (a view that had lost mainstream scientific support by the 1840s).
paper followed almost immediately. While on holiday with his family in Lamlash in 1841, he wrote a third, more substantial P.Q.R.
In the paper he made remarkable connections between the mathematical theories of [conduction] and electrostatics, an analogy that James Clerk Maxwell was ultimately to describe as one of the most valuable science-forming ideas. === Cambridge === William's father was able to make a generous provision for his favourite son's education and, in 1841, installed him, with extensive letters of introduction and ample accommodation, at Peterhouse, Cambridge.
While at Cambridge, Thomson was active in sports, athletics and sculling, winning the Colquhoun Sculls in 1843.
In 1845 Thomson graduated as Second Wrangler.
Robert Leslie Ellis, one of the examiners, is said to have declared to another examiner "You and I are just about fit to mend his pens." In 1845, he gave the first mathematical development of Michael Faraday's idea that electric induction takes place through an intervening medium, or "dielectric", and not by some incomprehensible "action at a distance".
It was partly in response to his encouragement that Faraday undertook the research in September 1845 that led to the discovery of the Faraday effect, which established that light and magnetic (and thus electric) phenomena were related. He was elected a fellow of St.
Peter's (as Peterhouse was often called at the time) in June 1845.
As early as 1845 he pointed out that the experimental results of William Snow Harris were in accordance with the laws of Coulomb.
On gaining the fellowship, he spent some time in the laboratory of the celebrated Henri Victor Regnault, at Paris; but in 1846 he was appointed to the chair of natural philosophy in the University of Glasgow.
At twenty-two he found himself wearing the gown of a professor in one of the oldest Universities in the country, and lecturing to the class of which he was a first year student a few years before. ===Thermodynamics=== By 1847, Thomson had already gained a reputation as a precocious and maverick scientist when he attended the British Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting in Oxford.
Experimental confirmation in his laboratory did much to bolster his beliefs. In 1848, he extended the Carnot–Clapeyron theory further through his dissatisfaction that the gas thermometer provided only an operational definition of temperature.
Thomson replied on 27 October, revealing that he was planning his own experiments and hoping for a reconciliation of their two views. Thomson returned to critique Carnot's original publication and read his analysis to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in January 1849, still convinced that the theory was fundamentally sound.
In February 1851 he sat down to articulate his new thinking.
The collaboration lasted from 1852 to 1856, its discoveries including the Joule–Thomson effect, sometimes called the Kelvin–Joule effect, and the published results did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the kinetic theory. Thomson published more than 650 scientific papers and applied for 70 patents (not all were issued).
In September 1852, he married childhood sweetheart Margaret Crum, daughter of Walter Crum; but her health broke down on their honeymoon, and over the next seventeen years, Thomson was distracted by her suffering.
On 16 October 1854, George Gabriel Stokes wrote to Thomson to try to re-interest him in work by asking his opinion on some experiments of Michael Faraday on the proposed transatlantic telegraph cable. Faraday had demonstrated how the construction of a cable would limit the rate at which messages could be sent – in modern terms, the bandwidth.
In a further 1855 analysis, Thomson stressed the impact that the design of the cable would have on its profitability. Thomson contended that the signalling speed through a given cable was inversely proportional to the square of the length of the cable.
Thomson married Fanny, 13 years his junior, on 24 June 1874. ==Other contributions== ===Thomson and Tait: Treatise on Natural Philosophy=== Over the period 1855 to 1867, Thomson collaborated with Peter Guthrie Tait on a text book that founded the study of mechanics first on the mathematics of kinematics, the description of motion without regard to force.
The collaboration lasted from 1852 to 1856, its discoveries including the Joule–Thomson effect, sometimes called the Kelvin–Joule effect, and the published results did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the kinetic theory. Thomson published more than 650 scientific papers and applied for 70 patents (not all were issued).
Thomson's results were disputed at a meeting of the British Association in 1856 by Wildman Whitehouse, the electrician of the Atlantic Telegraph Company.
In December 1856, he was elected to the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company. ===Scientist to engineer=== Thomson became scientific adviser to a team with Whitehouse as chief electrician and Sir Charles Tilston Bright as chief engineer but Whitehouse had his way with the specification, supported by Faraday and Samuel F.
The family grave has a second modern memorial to William alongside, erected by the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow; a society of which he was president in the periods 1856–1858 and 1874–1877. ==Aftermath and legacy== ===Limits of classical physics=== In 1884, Thomson led a master class on "Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light" at Johns Hopkins University.
Morse. Thomson sailed on board the cable-laying ship in August 1857, with Whitehouse confined to land owing to illness, but the voyage ended after when the cable parted.
In the Memoirs of the Roman Academy of Sciences for 1857 he published a description of his new divided ring electrometer, based on the old electroscope of Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger and he introduced a chain or series of effective instruments, including the quadrant electrometer, which cover the entire field of electrostatic measurement.
He patented the key elements of his system, the mirror galvanometer and the siphon recorder, in 1858. Whitehouse still felt able to ignore Thomson's many suggestions and proposals.
It was not until Thomson convinced the board that using purer copper for replacing the lost section of cable would improve data capacity, that he first made a difference to the execution of the project. The board insisted that Thomson join the 1858 cable-laying expedition, without any financial compensation, and take an active part in the project.
Thomson found the access he was given unsatisfactory and the Agamemnon had to return home following the disastrous storm of June 1858.
Member of the Royal College of Preceptors (College of Teachers), 1858. Hon.
He contended that "This earth, certainly a moderate number of millions of years ago, was a red-hot globe … ." After the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1859, Thomson saw evidence of the relatively short habitable age of the Earth as tending to contradict Darwin's gradualist explanation of slow natural selection bringing about biological diversity.
Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1859. Knighted 1866. Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil), 1873. Commander of the Legion of Honour (France), 1881. *Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889. Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, 1884. Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1890. Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr, 1892.
It was only when thermonuclear fusion was recognised in the 1930s that Thomson's age paradox was truly resolved. == Later life and death == In the winter of 1860–1861 Kelvin slipped on the ice while curling near his home at Netherhall and fractured his leg, causing him to miss the 1861 Manchester meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and to limp thereafter.
It was only when thermonuclear fusion was recognised in the 1930s that Thomson's age paradox was truly resolved. == Later life and death == In the winter of 1860–1861 Kelvin slipped on the ice while curling near his home at Netherhall and fractured his leg, causing him to miss the 1861 Manchester meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and to limp thereafter.
The committee reported in October 1863. In July 1865, Thomson sailed on the cable-laying expedition of the but the voyage was dogged by technical problems.
In his response to Huxley's address to the Geological Society of London (1868) he presented his address "Of Geological Dynamics" (1869) which, among his other writings, challenged the geologists' acceptance that the earth must be of indefinite age. Thomson's initial 1864 estimate of the Earth's age was from 20 to 400 million years old.
The committee reported in October 1863. In July 1865, Thomson sailed on the cable-laying expedition of the but the voyage was dogged by technical problems.
A further attempt in 1866 laid a new cable in two weeks, and then recovered and completed the 1865 cable.
For his work on the transatlantic telegraph project he was knighted in 1866 by Queen Victoria, becoming Sir William Thomson.
A further attempt in 1866 laid a new cable in two weeks, and then recovered and completed the 1865 cable.
Thomson, along with the other principals of the project, was knighted on 10 November 1866. To exploit his inventions for signalling on long submarine cables, Thomson now entered into a partnership with C.
Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1859. Knighted 1866. Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil), 1873. Commander of the Legion of Honour (France), 1881. *Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889. Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, 1884. Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1890. Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr, 1892.
Thomson married Fanny, 13 years his junior, on 24 June 1874. ==Other contributions== ===Thomson and Tait: Treatise on Natural Philosophy=== Over the period 1855 to 1867, Thomson collaborated with Peter Guthrie Tait on a text book that founded the study of mechanics first on the mathematics of kinematics, the description of motion without regard to force.
In conjunction with the latter, he also devised an automatic curb sender, a kind of telegraph key for sending messages on a cable. ===Later expeditions=== Thomson took part in the laying of the French Atlantic submarine communications cable of 1869, and with Jenkin was engineer of the Western and Brazilian and Platino-Brazilian cables, assisted by vacation student James Alfred Ewing.
In 1904 he became Chancellor of the University of Glasgow. His home was the red sandstone mansion Netherhall, in Largs, which he built in the 1870s and where he died.
He was present at the laying of the Pará to Pernambuco section of the Brazilian coast cables in 1873. Thomson's wife died on 17 June 1870, and he resolved to make changes in his life.
The textbook set a standard for early education in mathematical physics. ===Kelvin's vortex theory of the atom=== Between 1870 and 1890 the vortex atom theory, which purported that an atom was a vortex in the aether, was popular among British physicists and mathematicians.
His maritime interests continued in 1871 when he was appointed to the board of enquiry into the sinking of . In June 1873, Thomson and Jenkin were on board the Hooper, bound for Lisbon with of cable when the cable developed a fault.
He was present at the laying of the Pará to Pernambuco section of the Brazilian coast cables in 1873. Thomson's wife died on 17 June 1870, and he resolved to make changes in his life.
His maritime interests continued in 1871 when he was appointed to the board of enquiry into the sinking of . In June 1873, Thomson and Jenkin were on board the Hooper, bound for Lisbon with of cable when the cable developed a fault.
Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1859. Knighted 1866. Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil), 1873. Commander of the Legion of Honour (France), 1881. *Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889. Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, 1884. Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1890. Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr, 1892.
On 2 May 1874 he set sail for Madeira on the Lalla Rookh.
Thomson married Fanny, 13 years his junior, on 24 June 1874. ==Other contributions== ===Thomson and Tait: Treatise on Natural Philosophy=== Over the period 1855 to 1867, Thomson collaborated with Peter Guthrie Tait on a text book that founded the study of mechanics first on the mathematics of kinematics, the description of motion without regard to force.
The family grave has a second modern memorial to William alongside, erected by the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow; a society of which he was president in the periods 1856–1858 and 1874–1877. ==Aftermath and legacy== ===Limits of classical physics=== In 1884, Thomson led a master class on "Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light" at Johns Hopkins University.
The text developed dynamics in various areas but with constant attention to energy as a unifying principle. A second edition appeared in 1879, expanded to two separately bound parts.
) 2nd edition, 1879. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010.
) 2nd edition, 1879. (6 volumes) * Volume I.
A pressure gauge to register the depth of the sinker was added by Thomson. About the same time he revived the Sumner method of finding a ship's position, and calculated a set of tables for its ready application. During the 1880s, Thomson worked to perfect the adjustable compass to correct errors arising from magnetic deviation owing to the increased use of iron in naval architecture.
From around 1880 he was aided by the electrical engineer Magnus Maclean FRSE in his electrical experiments. In 1893, Thomson headed an international commission to decide on the design of the Niagara Falls power station.
Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1859. Knighted 1866. Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil), 1873. Commander of the Legion of Honour (France), 1881. *Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889. Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, 1884. Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1890. Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr, 1892.
He received the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1883, was its President 1890–1895, and in 1892 was the first British scientist to be elevated to the House of Lords. Absolute temperatures are stated in units of kelvin in his honour.
The family grave has a second modern memorial to William alongside, erected by the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow; a society of which he was president in the periods 1856–1858 and 1874–1877. ==Aftermath and legacy== ===Limits of classical physics=== In 1884, Thomson led a master class on "Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light" at Johns Hopkins University.
Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1859. Knighted 1866. Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil), 1873. Commander of the Legion of Honour (France), 1881. *Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889. Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, 1884. Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1890. Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr, 1892.
He saw his Christian faith as supporting and informing his scientific work, as is evident from his address to the annual meeting of the Christian Evidence Society, 23 May 1889. In the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 (the original day of the coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra), Kelvin was appointed a Privy Counsellor and one of the first members of the new Order of Merit (OM).
Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1859. Knighted 1866. Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil), 1873. Commander of the Legion of Honour (France), 1881. *Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889. Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, 1884. Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1890. Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr, 1892.
He received the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1883, was its President 1890–1895, and in 1892 was the first British scientist to be elevated to the House of Lords. Absolute temperatures are stated in units of kelvin in his honour.
The textbook set a standard for early education in mathematical physics. ===Kelvin's vortex theory of the atom=== Between 1870 and 1890 the vortex atom theory, which purported that an atom was a vortex in the aether, was popular among British physicists and mathematicians.
Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1859. Knighted 1866. Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil), 1873. Commander of the Legion of Honour (France), 1881. *Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889. Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, 1884. Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1890. Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr, 1892.
He received the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1883, was its President 1890–1895, and in 1892 was the first British scientist to be elevated to the House of Lords. Absolute temperatures are stated in units of kelvin in his honour.
He had extensive maritime interests and was most noted for his work on the mariner's compass, which previously had limited reliability. He was ennobled in 1892 in recognition of his achievements in thermodynamics, and of his opposition to Irish Home Rule, becoming Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr.
Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1859. Knighted 1866. Commander of the Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil), 1873. Commander of the Legion of Honour (France), 1881. *Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889. Knight of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite, 1884. Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1890. Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr, 1892.
From around 1880 he was aided by the electrical engineer Magnus Maclean FRSE in his electrical experiments. In 1893, Thomson headed an international commission to decide on the design of the Niagara Falls power station.
Michelson, who in 1894 stated: "… it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established … An eminent physicist remarked that the future truths of physical science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals." Similar statements were given earlier by others, such as Philipp von Jolly.
In a letter published in Scientific American Supplement 1895 Kelvin criticized geologists' estimates of the age of rocks and the age of the earth, including the views published by Charles Darwin, as "vaguely vast age". His exploration of this estimate can be found in his 1897 address to the Victoria Institute, given at the request of the Institute's president George Stokes, as recorded in that Institute's journal Transactions.
Although his former assistant John Perry published a paper in 1895 challenging Kelvin's assumption of low thermal conductivity inside the Earth, and thus showing a much greater age, this had little immediate impact.
Thompson writes that "When Röntgen's discovery of the X-rays was announced at the end of 1895, Lord Kelvin was entirely skeptical, and regarded the announcement as a hoax.
The papers had been full of the wonders of Röntgen's rays, about which Lord Kelvin was intensely skeptical until Röntgen himself sent him a copy of his Memoir"; on 17 January 1896, having read the paper and seen the photographs, he wrote Röntgen a letter saying that "I need not tell you that when I read the paper I was very much astonished and delighted.
I can say no more now than to congratulate you warmly on the great discovery you have made" He would have his own hand X-rayed in May 1896.
In 1896 he refused an invitation to join the Aeronautical Society, writing that "I have not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial navigation other than ballooning or of expectation of good results from any of the trials we hear of." And in a 1902 newspaper interview he predicted that "No balloon and no aeroplane will ever be practically successful." The statement "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now.
Over the years he refined his arguments and reduced the upper bound by a factor of ten, and in 1897 Thomson, now Lord Kelvin, ultimately settled on an estimate that the Earth was 20–40 million years old.
In a letter published in Scientific American Supplement 1895 Kelvin criticized geologists' estimates of the age of rocks and the age of the earth, including the views published by Charles Darwin, as "vaguely vast age". His exploration of this estimate can be found in his 1897 address to the Victoria Institute, given at the request of the Institute's president George Stokes, as recorded in that Institute's journal Transactions.
The attribution to Kelvin giving an address in 1900 is presumably a confusion with his "Two clouds" speech, delivered to the Royal Institution in 1900 (see above), and which on the contrary pointed out areas that would subsequently see revolutions. In 1898, Kelvin predicted that only 400 years of oxygen supply remained on the planet, due to the rate of burning combustibles.
Despite offers of elevated posts from several world-renowned universities, Kelvin refused to leave Glasgow, remaining until his eventual retirement from that post in 1899.
Active in industrial research and development, he was recruited around 1899 by George Eastman to serve as vice-chairman of the board of the British company Kodak Limited, affiliated with Eastman Kodak.
Thomson's attempts to provide mechanical models ultimately failed in the electromagnetic regime. On 27 April 1900 he gave a widely reported lecture titled Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light to the Royal Institution.
The attribution to Kelvin giving an address in 1900 is presumably a confusion with his "Two clouds" speech, delivered to the Royal Institution in 1900 (see above), and which on the contrary pointed out areas that would subsequently see revolutions. In 1898, Kelvin predicted that only 400 years of oxygen supply remained on the planet, due to the rate of burning combustibles.
He saw his Christian faith as supporting and informing his scientific work, as is evident from his address to the annual meeting of the Christian Evidence Society, 23 May 1889. In the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 (the original day of the coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra), Kelvin was appointed a Privy Counsellor and one of the first members of the new Order of Merit (OM).
He received the order from the King on 8 August 1902, and was sworn a member of the council at Buckingham Palace on 11 August 1902.
In 1896 he refused an invitation to join the Aeronautical Society, writing that "I have not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial navigation other than ballooning or of expectation of good results from any of the trials we hear of." And in a 1902 newspaper interview he predicted that "No balloon and no aeroplane will ever be practically successful." The statement "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now.
The discovery in 1903 that radioactive decay releases heat led to Kelvin's estimate being challenged, and Ernest Rutherford famously made the argument in a 1904 lecture attended by Kelvin that this provided the unknown energy source Kelvin had suggested, but the estimate was not overturned until the development in 1907 of radiometric dating of rocks. It was widely believed that the discovery of radioactivity had invalidated Thomson's estimate of the age of the Earth.
In 1904 he became Chancellor of the University of Glasgow. His home was the red sandstone mansion Netherhall, in Largs, which he built in the 1870s and where he died.
The discovery in 1903 that radioactive decay releases heat led to Kelvin's estimate being challenged, and Ernest Rutherford famously made the argument in a 1904 lecture attended by Kelvin that this provided the unknown energy source Kelvin had suggested, but the estimate was not overturned until the development in 1907 of radiometric dating of rocks. It was widely believed that the discovery of radioactivity had invalidated Thomson's estimate of the age of the Earth.
As the subject matter was under active development, Thomson amended that text and in 1904 it was typeset and published.
Even after Niagara Falls Thomson still held to his belief that direct current was the superior system. Acknowledging his contribution to electrical standardisation, the International Electrotechnical Commission elected Thomson as its first President at its preliminary meeting, held in London on 26–27 June 1906.
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 182417 December 1907) was a British mathematical physicist and engineer born in Belfast.
The discovery in 1903 that radioactive decay releases heat led to Kelvin's estimate being challenged, and Ernest Rutherford famously made the argument in a 1904 lecture attended by Kelvin that this provided the unknown energy source Kelvin had suggested, but the estimate was not overturned until the development in 1907 of radiometric dating of rocks. It was widely believed that the discovery of radioactivity had invalidated Thomson's estimate of the age of the Earth.
In his later years he often travelled to his town house at 15 Eaton Place, off Eaton Square in London's Belgravia. In November 1907 he caught a chill and his condition deteriorated until he died at his Scottish country seat, Netherhall, in Largs on 17 December. At the request of Westminster Abbey, the undertakers Wylie & Lochhead prepared an oak coffin, lined with lead.
The train set off at 8.30 pm for Kilmarnock, where the van was attached to the overnight express to St Pancras railway station in London. Kelvin's funeral was to be held on 23 December 1907.
It was only when thermonuclear fusion was recognised in the 1930s that Thomson's age paradox was truly resolved. == Later life and death == In the winter of 1860–1861 Kelvin slipped on the ice while curling near his home at Netherhall and fractured his leg, causing him to miss the 1861 Manchester meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and to limp thereafter.
All that remains is more and more precise measurement" has been widely misattributed to Kelvin since the 1980s, either without citation or stating that it was made in an address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1900).
(reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009.
) *Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Part I) (Internet Archive) *Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Part II) (Internet Archive) (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010.
) 2nd edition, 1879. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Voltaic theory, radioactivity, electrions, navigation and tides, miscellaneous (Internet Archive) (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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