pestis was discovered in 1894 by Alexandre Yersin, a Swiss/French physician and bacteriologist from the Pasteur Institute, during an epidemic of the plague in Hong Kong.
A systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration found no studies of sufficient quality to make any statement on the efficacy of the vaccine. ==Isolation and identification== In 1894, two bacteriologists, Alexandre Yersin of Switzerland and Kitasato Shibasaburō of Japan, independently isolated in Hong Kong the bacterium responsible for the 1894 Hong Kong plague.
Yersin also noted that rats were affected by plague not only during plague epidemics, but also often preceding such epidemics in humans and that plague was regarded by many locals as a disease of rats; villagers in China and India asserted that when large numbers of rats were found dead, plague outbreaks soon followed. In 1898, French scientist Paul-Louis Simond (who had also come to China to battle the Third Pandemic) discovered the rat–flea vector that drives the disease.
The outbreak spread to Chinatown, San Francisco, from 1900 to 1904 and then to Oakland and the East Bay from 1907 to 1909.
The outbreak spread to Chinatown, San Francisco, from 1900 to 1904 and then to Oakland and the East Bay from 1907 to 1909.
The outbreak spread to Chinatown, San Francisco, from 1900 to 1904 and then to Oakland and the East Bay from 1907 to 1909.
The outbreak spread to Chinatown, San Francisco, from 1900 to 1904 and then to Oakland and the East Bay from 1907 to 1909.
Formerly named Pasteurella pestis, the organism was renamed Yersinia pestis in 1944. Every year, thousands of cases of the plague are still reported to the World Health Organization, although with proper antibiotic treatment, the prognosis for victims is now much better.
In 1967, it was moved to a new genus and renamed Yersinia pestis in his honor.
One such example was seen in a 2003 outbreak in Algeria. ===Vector=== The transmission of Y.
As of 2006, the genomic sequence of a strain of biovar Antiqua has been recently completed.
pestis strain KIM was performed in 2006.
orientalis, which is responsible for current plague outbreaks. ==Recent events== In 2008, the plague was commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, areas that accounted for over 95% of the reported cases. In September 2009, the death of Malcolm Casadaban, a molecular genetics professor at the University of Chicago, was linked to his work on a weakened laboratory strain of Y.
orientalis, which is responsible for current plague outbreaks. ==Recent events== In 2008, the plague was commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, areas that accounted for over 95% of the reported cases. In September 2009, the death of Malcolm Casadaban, a molecular genetics professor at the University of Chicago, was linked to his work on a weakened laboratory strain of Y.
Hemochromatosis was hypothesised to be a predisposing factor in Casadaban's death from this attenuated strain used for research. In 2010, researchers in Germany definitely established, using PCR evidence from samples obtained from Black Death victims, that Y.
pestis was the cause of the medieval Black Death. In 2011, the first genome of Y.
A site in Sweden was the source of the DNA evidence and trade networks were proposed as the likely avenue of spread rather than migrations of populations. DNA evidence published in 2015 indicates Y.
pestis. In 2015, Cell published results from a study of ancient graves.
On September 8, 2016, the Y.
It has been present in the rodents of western North America ever since, as fear of the consequences of the outbreak on trade caused authorities to hide the dead of the Chinatown residents long enough for the disease to be passed to widespread species of native rodents in outlying areas. ==Ancient DNA evidence== In 2018, the emergence and spread of the pathogen during the Neolithic decline (as far back as 6,000 years ago) was published.
The human remains were found to be victims of the Great Plague of London, which lasted from 1665 to 1666. On January 15, 2018, researchers at the University of Oslo and the University of Ferrara suggested that humans and their parasites were the biggest carriers of the plague. On November 3, 2019, two cases of pneumonic plague were diagnosed at a hospital in Beijing's Chaoyang district, prompting fears of an outbreak.
The human remains were found to be victims of the Great Plague of London, which lasted from 1665 to 1666. On January 15, 2018, researchers at the University of Oslo and the University of Ferrara suggested that humans and their parasites were the biggest carriers of the plague. On November 3, 2019, two cases of pneumonic plague were diagnosed at a hospital in Beijing's Chaoyang district, prompting fears of an outbreak.
The patient received treatment and 28 symptomless contacts were placed in quarantine. In July 2020, officials increased precautions after a case of bubonic plague was confirmed in Bayannur, a city in China's Inner Mongolia autonomous region.
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