This 14th-century manuscript was discovered in the Cairo Geniza in 1896, and also contains a collection of narrative poems on themes from the Hebrew Bible and the Haggadah. === Printing === The advent of the printing press in the 16th century enabled the large scale production of works, at a cheaper cost, some of which have survived.
Der Keneder Adler ("The Canadian Eagle", founded by Hirsch Wolofsky), Montreal's daily Yiddish newspaper, appeared from 1907 to 1988. Even though Yiddish has receded, it is the immediate ancestral language of Montrealers like Mordecai Richler and Leonard Cohen, as well as former interim city mayor Michael Applebaum.
From the 1910s to the 1950s, London had a daily Yiddish newspaper called די צײַט (Di Tsayt, ; in English, The Time), founded, and edited from offices in Whitechapel Road, by Romanian-born Morris Myer, who was succeeded on his death in 1943 by his son Harry.
It continued to be spoken widely for decades, nonetheless, in areas with compact Jewish populations (primarily in Moldova, Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Belarus). In the former Soviet states, recently active Yiddish authors include Yoysef Burg (Chernivtsi 1912–2009) and Olexander Beyderman (b.
In 1915, the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationally.
In the 1920s and 1930s, גדוד מגיני השפה gdud maginéi hasafá, "Battalion for the Defence of the Language", whose motto was "עברי, דבר עברית ivri, dabér ivrít", that is, "Hebrew [i.e.
After much campaigning, the South African legislator Morris Alexander (1877–1945) won a parliamentary fight to have Yiddish reclassified as a European language, thereby permitting the immigration of Yiddish-speakers to South Africa. === Former Soviet Union === In the Soviet Union during the era of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the 1920s, Yiddish was promoted as the language of the Jewish proletariat. It was one of the official languages of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939.
Educational autonomy for Jews in several countries (notably Poland) after World War I led to an increase in formal Yiddish-language education, more uniform orthography, and to the 1925 founding of the Yiddish Scientific Institute, YIVO.
A widely cited summary of attitudes in the 1930s was published by Max Weinreich, quoting a remark by an auditor of one of his lectures: אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמיי און פֿלאָט|rtl=yes (a shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot — "A language is a dialect with an army and navy"). === Israel and Zionism === The national language of Israel is Hebrew.
In the 1920s and 1930s, גדוד מגיני השפה gdud maginéi hasafá, "Battalion for the Defence of the Language", whose motto was "עברי, דבר עברית ivri, dabér ivrít", that is, "Hebrew [i.e.
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, NYC, initial series from 1931, new series since 1991. Afn Shvel, pub.
According to Mikhail Shvydkoy, former Minister of Culture of Russia and himself of Jewish origin, Yiddish culture in Russia is gone, and its revival is unlikely. ===== Jewish Autonomous Oblast ===== The Jewish Autonomous Oblast was formed in 1934 in the Russian Far East, with its capital city in Birobidzhan and Yiddish as its official language.
Until 1938, the Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic included the motto Workers of the world, unite! in Yiddish.
League for Yiddish, NYC, since 1940; אויפן שוועל, sample article אונדזער פרץ – Our Peretz Lebns-fragn, by-monthly for social issues, current affairs, and culture, Tel Aviv, since 1951; לעבנס-פראגן, current issue Yerusholaymer Almanakh, periodical collection of Yiddish literature and culture, Jerusalem, since 1973; ירושלימער אלמאנאך, new volume, contents and downloads Der Yiddisher Tam-Tam, pub.
From the 1910s to the 1950s, London had a daily Yiddish newspaper called די צײַט (Di Tsayt, ; in English, The Time), founded, and edited from offices in Whitechapel Road, by Romanian-born Morris Myer, who was succeeded on his death in 1943 by his son Harry.
While schools with curriculums taught in Yiddish existed in some areas until the 1950s, there was a general decline in enrolment due to preference for Russian-speaking institutions and the declining reputation of Yiddish schools among Yiddish speaking Soviets.
From the 1910s to the 1950s, London had a daily Yiddish newspaper called די צײַט (Di Tsayt, ; in English, The Time), founded, and edited from offices in Whitechapel Road, by Romanian-born Morris Myer, who was succeeded on his death in 1943 by his son Harry.
General Soviet denationalization programs and secularization policies also led to a further lack of enrolment and funding; the last schools to be closed existed until 1951.
League for Yiddish, NYC, since 1940; אויפן שוועל, sample article אונדזער פרץ – Our Peretz Lebns-fragn, by-monthly for social issues, current affairs, and culture, Tel Aviv, since 1951; לעבנס-פראגן, current issue Yerusholaymer Almanakh, periodical collection of Yiddish literature and culture, Jerusalem, since 1973; ירושלימער אלמאנאך, new volume, contents and downloads Der Yiddisher Tam-Tam, pub.
Yiddish theaters began opening in the 1970s.
(Liptzin 1972). In eastern Europe, the response to these forces took the opposite direction, with Yiddish becoming the cohesive force in a secular culture (see the Yiddishist movement).
League for Yiddish, NYC, since 1940; אויפן שוועל, sample article אונדזער פרץ – Our Peretz Lebns-fragn, by-monthly for social issues, current affairs, and culture, Tel Aviv, since 1951; לעבנס-פראגן, current issue Yerusholaymer Almanakh, periodical collection of Yiddish literature and culture, Jerusalem, since 1973; ירושלימער אלמאנאך, new volume, contents and downloads Der Yiddisher Tam-Tam, pub.
Yiddish words used in English were documented extensively by Leo Rosten in The Joys of Yiddish; see also the list of English words of Yiddish origin. In 1975, the film Hester Street, much of which is in Yiddish, was released.
The school was founded in 1975 by the Bund movement in Australia, and still maintains daily Yiddish instruction today, and includes student theater and music in Yiddish. === Internet === Google Translate includes Yiddish as one of its languages, as does Wikipedia.
It was later chosen to be on the Library of Congress National Film Registry for being considered a "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" film. In 1976, the Canadian-born American author Saul Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature.
In 1978, Singer, a writer in the Yiddish language, who was born in Poland and lived in the United States, received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Legal scholars Eugene Volokh and Alex Kozinski argue that Yiddish is "supplanting Latin as the spice in American legal argot". ==== Present U.S.
Der Keneder Adler ("The Canadian Eagle", founded by Hirsch Wolofsky), Montreal's daily Yiddish newspaper, appeared from 1907 to 1988. Even though Yiddish has receded, it is the immediate ancestral language of Montrealers like Mordecai Richler and Leonard Cohen, as well as former interim city mayor Michael Applebaum.
In the 1990s, there were around 1.5–2 million speakers of Yiddish, mostly Hasidic and Haredi Jews.
Ethnologue estimates, based on publications through 1991, that there were at that time 1.5 million speakers of Eastern Yiddish, of which 40% lived in Ukraine, 15% in Israel, and 10% in the United States.
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, NYC, initial series from 1931, new series since 1991. Afn Shvel, pub.
Maison de la Culture Yiddish, Paris, since 1994, also available in electronic format. Yidishe Heftn, pub.
A 1996 report by the Council of Europe estimates a worldwide Yiddish-speaking population of about two million.
Le Cercle Bernard Lazare, Paris, since 1996, יידישע העפטן sample cover, subscription info. Gilgulim, naye shafungen, new literary magazine, Paris, since 2008; גילגולים, נייע שאפונגען ==External links== Yiddish Book Center YIVO Institute for Jewish Research: Yiddish Dictionaries The Israeli National Authority of Yiddish Culture Comparison of Eastern and Western Yiddish based on stable vocabulary.
In 2005, Ukraine did not mention Yiddish as such, but "the language(s) of the Jewish ethnic minority". === Sweden === In June 1999, the Swedish Parliament enacted legislation giving Yiddish legal status as one of the country's official minority languages (entering into effect in April 2000).
In January 2013, The Forward announced the launch of the new daily version of their newspaper's website, which has been active since 1999 as an online weekly, supplied with radio and video programs, a literary section for fiction writers and a special blog written in local contemporary Hasidic dialects. Computer scientist Raphael Finkel maintains a hub of Yiddish-language resources, including a searchable dictionary and spell checker. In late 2016, Motorola, Inc.
Western Yiddish is reported by Ethnologue to have had an ethnic population of 50,000 in 2000, and an undated speaking population of 5,000, mostly in Germany.
In 2005, Ukraine did not mention Yiddish as such, but "the language(s) of the Jewish ethnic minority". === Sweden === In June 1999, the Swedish Parliament enacted legislation giving Yiddish legal status as one of the country's official minority languages (entering into effect in April 2000).
speaker population ==== In the 2000 United States Census, 178,945 people in the United States reported speaking Yiddish at home.
The population is largely elderly: 72,885 of the speakers were older than 65, 66,815 were between 18 and 64, and only 39,245 were age 17 or lower. In the six years since the 2000 census, the 2006 American Community Survey reflected an estimated 15 percent decline of people speaking Yiddish at home in the U.S.
In Kiryas Joel in Orange County, New York, in the 2000 census, nearly 90% of residents of Kiryas Joel reported speaking Yiddish at home. === United Kingdom === There are well over 30,000 Yiddish speakers in the United Kingdom, and several thousand children now have Yiddish as a first language.
The Worms machzor is discussed in Frakes, 2004, and Baumgarten, ed.
"The Friend"), was resumed in 2004 with דער נײַער פֿרײַנד|rtl=yes (der nayer fraynd; lit.
Frakes, 2005 – see . This brief rhyme is decoratively embedded in an otherwise purely Hebrew text.
In 2005, Ukraine did not mention Yiddish as such, but "the language(s) of the Jewish ethnic minority". === Sweden === In June 1999, the Swedish Parliament enacted legislation giving Yiddish legal status as one of the country's official minority languages (entering into effect in April 2000).
The rights thereby conferred are not detailed, but additional legislation was enacted in June 2006 establishing a new governmental agency, The Swedish National Language Council, the mandate of which instructs it to "collect, preserve, scientifically research, and spread material about the national minority languages", naming them all explicitly, including Yiddish.
The population is largely elderly: 72,885 of the speakers were older than 65, 66,815 were between 18 and 64, and only 39,245 were age 17 or lower. In the six years since the 2000 census, the 2006 American Community Survey reflected an estimated 15 percent decline of people speaking Yiddish at home in the U.S.
The First Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture was launched in 2007. , according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were 97 speakers of Yiddish in the JAO.
An earlier one provides general information about national minority language policies. On September 6, 2007, it became possible to register Internet domains with Yiddish names in the national top-level domain .se. The first Jews were permitted to reside in Sweden during the late 18th century.
Le Cercle Bernard Lazare, Paris, since 1996, יידישע העפטן sample cover, subscription info. Gilgulim, naye shafungen, new literary magazine, Paris, since 2008; גילגולים, נייע שאפונגען ==External links== Yiddish Book Center YIVO Institute for Jewish Research: Yiddish Dictionaries The Israeli National Authority of Yiddish Culture Comparison of Eastern and Western Yiddish based on stable vocabulary.
In 2009, the number of native speakers among these was estimated by linguist Mikael Parkvall to be 750–1,500.
"The New Friend", Saint Petersburg). ==== Russia ==== According to the 2010 census, 1,683 people spoke Yiddish in Russia, approximately 1% of all the Jews of the Russian Federation.
In 2011, the number of persons in the United States above the age of 5 speaking Yiddish at home was 160,968.
In January 2013, The Forward announced the launch of the new daily version of their newspaper's website, which has been active since 1999 as an online weekly, supplied with radio and video programs, a literary section for fiction writers and a special blog written in local contemporary Hasidic dialects. Computer scientist Raphael Finkel maintains a hub of Yiddish-language resources, including a searchable dictionary and spell checker. In late 2016, Motorola, Inc.
In January 2013, The Forward announced the launch of the new daily version of their newspaper's website, which has been active since 1999 as an online weekly, supplied with radio and video programs, a literary section for fiction writers and a special blog written in local contemporary Hasidic dialects. Computer scientist Raphael Finkel maintains a hub of Yiddish-language resources, including a searchable dictionary and spell checker. In late 2016, Motorola, Inc.
released its smartphones with keyboard access for the Yiddish language in its foreign language option. On 5 April 2021, Duolingo added Yiddish to its courses. ==Influence on other languages== As this article has explained, Yiddish has influenced Modern Hebrew and New York English, especially as spoken by yeshivah students (sometimes known as Yeshivish).
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