There was a brief revolt against Omani rule in 1784.
Zanzibar was the centre of the east African slave trade, and in 1822, the British consul in Muscat put pressure on Sultan Said to end the slave trade.
Many locals today continue to emphasize that indigenous Zanzibaris had invited Seyyid Said, the first Busaidi sultan, to their island, claiming a patron-client relationship with powerful families was a strategy used by many Swahili coast towns since at least the fifteenth century. In 1832, or 1840 (the date varies among sources), Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman moved his capital from Muscat, Oman to Stone Town.
Many locals today continue to emphasize that indigenous Zanzibaris had invited Seyyid Said, the first Busaidi sultan, to their island, claiming a patron-client relationship with powerful families was a strategy used by many Swahili coast towns since at least the fifteenth century. In 1832, or 1840 (the date varies among sources), Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman moved his capital from Muscat, Oman to Stone Town.
After Said's death in June 1856, two of his sons, Thuwaini bin Said and Majid bin Said, struggled over the succession.
Beginning in 1886, Great Britain and Germany plotted to obtain parts of the Zanzibar sultanate for their own empires. In October 1886, a British-German border commission established the Zanj as a strip along most of the African Great Lakes region's coast, an area stretching from Cape Delgado (now in Mozambique) to Kipini (now in Kenya), including Mombasa and Dar es Salaam.
Said's will divided his dominions into two separate principalities, with Thuwaini to become the Sultan of Oman and Majid to become the first Sultan of Zanzibar; the brothers quarreled about the will, which was eventually upheld by Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning, Great Britain's Viceroy and Governor-General of India. Until around 1890, the sultans of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the Swahili coast known as Zanj, which included Mombasa and Dar es Salaam.
the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba". In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain.
It is cheaper, simpler, less wounding to their self-esteem, gives them more career as public officials, and spares of unnecessary contact with white men. From 1890 to 1913, traditional viziers were in charge; they were supervised by advisors appointed by the Colonial Office.
A cease fire was declared 38 minutes later, and to this day the bombardment stands as the shortest war in history. ===Zanzibar revolution and merger with Tanganyika=== On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom.
Other religious groups that are represented include Hindus, Jains and Sikhs. The Anglican Diocese of Zanzibar was founded in 1892.
Ten bishops have served in the diocese from 1892 to the present day.
The death of the pro-British Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini on 25 August 1896 and the succession of Sultan Khalid bin Barghash, whom the British did not approve of, led to the Anglo-Zanzibar War.
On the morning of 27 August 1896, ships of the Royal Navy destroyed the Beit al Hukum Palace.
Newman, Banani: the Transition from Slavery to Freedom in Zanzibar and Pemba (London, 1898) W.
FitzGerald, Travels in the Coastlands of British East Africa (London, 1898) R.
Lyne, Zanzibar in Contemporary Times (London, 1905) J.
An apostolic vicariate of Zanzibar had been established in 1906, from a much larger East African jurisdiction.
It is cheaper, simpler, less wounding to their self-esteem, gives them more career as public officials, and spares of unnecessary contact with white men. From 1890 to 1913, traditional viziers were in charge; they were supervised by advisors appointed by the Colonial Office.
However, in 1913 a switch was made to a system of direct rule through residents (effectively governors) from 1913.
This was suppressed in 1953, when the territory was put under control of the Kenyan church, but it was restored in 1964 after independence.
They did not coalesce to form larger political units. During Zanzibar's brief period of independence in the early 1960s, the major political cleavage was between the Shirazi (Zanzibar Africans), who made up approximately 56% of the population, and the Zanzibar Arabs, who made up approximately 17%.
Zanzibar's clove industry has been crippled by a fast-moving global market, international competition, and a hangover from Tanzania's failed experiment with socialism in the 1960s and 1970s, when the government controlled clove prices and exports.
A cease fire was declared 38 minutes later, and to this day the bombardment stands as the shortest war in history. ===Zanzibar revolution and merger with Tanganyika=== On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom.
Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom, the UK ended the Protectorate and made provision for full self-government in Zanzibar as an independent country within the Commonwealth.
In 1963 it was renamed as the Diocese of Zanzibar & Dar es Salaam.
The Case of Zanzibar/Tanzania (Dortmund, 2008) Amazon.de Christopher Gallop, Letters from East Africa (UK, Grosvenor House Publishing 2013) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/178148628X] == External links == Current and forecast weather for Zanzibar Government of Zanzibar President's office Swahili city-states Arabic-speaking countries and territories Former Portuguese colonies States and territories established in 1963 1963 establishments in Africa
Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth under the Sultan. However, just a month later, on 12 January 1964 Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was deposed during the Zanzibar Revolution.
Over 20,000 people were killed and refugees, especially Arabs and Indians, escaped the island as a consequence of the revolution. In April 1964, the republic merged with mainland Tanganyika.
This was suppressed in 1953, when the territory was put under control of the Kenyan church, but it was restored in 1964 after independence.
Two years later, in 1965, Dar es Salaam became a separate diocese.
Zanzibar, mainly Pemba Island, was once the world's leading clove producer, but annual clove sales have plummeted by 80 percent since the 1970s.
Zanzibar's clove industry has been crippled by a fast-moving global market, international competition, and a hangover from Tanzania's failed experiment with socialism in the 1960s and 1970s, when the government controlled clove prices and exports.
The term Daladala originated from the Kiswahili word DALA(Dollar) or five shillings during the 1970s and 1980s when public transport cost five shillings to travel to the nearest town.
The town of Kidichi features the Hamamni Persian Baths, built by immigrants from Shiraz, Iran during the reign of Barghash bin Said. Zanzibar also is the only place in Eastern African countries to have the longest settlement houses formally known as Michenzani flats which were built by the aid from East Germany during the 1970s to solve housing problems in Zanzibar. === Media and communication === In 1973, Zanzibar introduced the first colour television service in sub-Saharan Africa.
Students in Zanzibar score significantly less on standardized tests for reading and mathematics than students on the mainland. In the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, national service after secondary education was necessary, but it is now voluntary and few students volunteer.
The town of Kidichi features the Hamamni Persian Baths, built by immigrants from Shiraz, Iran during the reign of Barghash bin Said. Zanzibar also is the only place in Eastern African countries to have the longest settlement houses formally known as Michenzani flats which were built by the aid from East Germany during the 1970s to solve housing problems in Zanzibar. === Media and communication === In 1973, Zanzibar introduced the first colour television service in sub-Saharan Africa.
Joseph's Cathedral in Stone Town, was established in 1980.
The church created a diocese here shortly before Easter 1980.
Pentecostal-Charismatic churches have been present and growing in Zanzibar since the 1980s in relation to economic liberalization and increased labor migration from mainland Tanzania in connection to Zanzibar's expanding tourist sector.
The previous 45-megawatt cable, which was seldom-maintained, was completed by Norway in 1980. Since May 2010, Pemba Island has had a 75-kilometer, 25-megawatt, subsea electrical link directly to mainland Tanzania.
The term Daladala originated from the Kiswahili word DALA(Dollar) or five shillings during the 1970s and 1980s when public transport cost five shillings to travel to the nearest town.
Students in Zanzibar score significantly less on standardized tests for reading and mathematics than students on the mainland. In the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, national service after secondary education was necessary, but it is now voluntary and few students volunteer.
Because Zanzibar is not a member of FIFA, their team is not eligible for the FIFA World Cup. The Zanzibar Football Association also has a Premier League for the top clubs, which was created in 1981. Since 1992, there has also been judo in Zanzibar.
Tourism in Zanzibar is a more recent activity, driven by government promotion that caused an increase from 19,000 tourists in 1985, to 376,000 in 2016.
The port was rehabilitated between 1989 and 1992 with financial assistance from the European Union.
Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between these two parties. Contested elections in October 2000 led to a massacre on 27 January 2001 when, according to Human Rights Watch, the army and police shot into crowds of protestors, killing at least 35 and wounding more than 600.
Students in Zanzibar score significantly less on standardized tests for reading and mathematics than students on the mainland. In the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, national service after secondary education was necessary, but it is now voluntary and few students volunteer.
In 1992, the government designated two export-producing zones and encouraged the development of offshore financial services.
The port was rehabilitated between 1989 and 1992 with financial assistance from the European Union.
Because Zanzibar is not a member of FIFA, their team is not eligible for the FIFA World Cup. The Zanzibar Football Association also has a Premier League for the top clubs, which was created in 1981. Since 1992, there has also been judo in Zanzibar.
Because of longstanding opposition to television by President Julius Nyerere, the first television service on mainland Tanzania was not introduced until 1994.
The consumption capacity of petroleum, gas, oil, kerosene and industrial diesel oil is increasing annually, going from a total of 5,650 tons consumed in 1997 to more than 7,500 tons in 1999. From 21 May to 19 June 2008, Unguja suffered a major failure of its electricity system, which left the island without electrical service and mostly dependent on diesel generators.
The consumption capacity of petroleum, gas, oil, kerosene and industrial diesel oil is increasing annually, going from a total of 5,650 tons consumed in 1997 to more than 7,500 tons in 1999. From 21 May to 19 June 2008, Unguja suffered a major failure of its electricity system, which left the island without electrical service and mostly dependent on diesel generators.
Zanzibar has three fully accredited Universities: Zanzibar University, the State University of Zanzibar (SUZA) and Sumait University (previously University College of Education, Chukwani). SUZA was established in 1999, and is located in Stone Town, in the buildings of the former Institute of Kiswahili and Foreign Language (TAKILUKI).
Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between these two parties. Contested elections in October 2000 led to a massacre on 27 January 2001 when, according to Human Rights Watch, the army and police shot into crowds of protestors, killing at least 35 and wounding more than 600.
In 2001 the mainland links were finally ended, and it is now known as the Diocese of Zanzibar.
Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between these two parties. Contested elections in October 2000 led to a massacre on 27 January 2001 when, according to Human Rights Watch, the army and police shot into crowds of protestors, killing at least 35 and wounding more than 600.
This United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was soon renamed, blending the two names, as the United Republic of Tanzania, within which Zanzibar remains an autonomous region. == Demographics == The 2002 census is the most recent census for which results have been reported.
The port was again rehabilitated between 2004 and 2009 with a 31 million euro grant from the European Union.
In 2004, the three institutions had a total enrollment of 948 students, of whom 207 were female. The primary and secondary education system in Zanzibar is slightly different from that of the Tanzanian mainland.
Approximately 2,000 temporarily fled to Kenya. Violence erupted again after another contested election on 31 October 2005, with the CUF claiming that its rightful victory had been stolen from it.
Nine people were killed. Following 2005, negotiations between the two parties aiming at the long-term resolution of the tensions and a power-sharing accord took place, but they suffered repeated setbacks.
After a long legal battle, the company was required in 2005 by the International Court of Arbitration to pay Zanzibar US$11.6 million in damages.
Dutton and Company. Hatice Uğur, Osmanlı Afrikası'nda Bir Sultanlık: Zengibar (Zanzibar as a Sultanate in the Ottoman Africa), İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2005.
Oil would help boost the economy of Zanzibar, but there have been disagreements about dividends between the Tanzanian mainland and Zanzibar, the latter claiming the oil should be excluded in Union matters. In 2007, a Norwegian consultancy firm went to Zanzibar to determine how the region could develop its oil potential.
Pemba has two: Pemba North and Pemba South. Concerning the independence and sovereignty of Zanzibar, Tanzania Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda said on 3 July 2008 that there was "nothing like the sovereignty of Zanzibar in the Union Government unless the Constitution is changed in future".
The most notable of these took place in April 2008, when the CUF walked away from the negotiating table following a CCM call for a referendum to approve of what had been presented as a done deal on the power-sharing agreement. In November 2009, the then-president of Zanzibar, Amani Abeid Karume, met with CUF secretary-general Seif Sharif Hamad at the State House to discuss how to save Zanzibar from future political turmoil and to end the animosity between them.
The consumption capacity of petroleum, gas, oil, kerosene and industrial diesel oil is increasing annually, going from a total of 5,650 tons consumed in 1997 to more than 7,500 tons in 1999. From 21 May to 19 June 2008, Unguja suffered a major failure of its electricity system, which left the island without electrical service and mostly dependent on diesel generators.
The Case of Zanzibar/Tanzania (Dortmund, 2008) Amazon.de Christopher Gallop, Letters from East Africa (UK, Grosvenor House Publishing 2013) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/178148628X] == External links == Current and forecast weather for Zanzibar Government of Zanzibar President's office Swahili city-states Arabic-speaking countries and territories Former Portuguese colonies States and territories established in 1963 1963 establishments in Africa
The most notable of these took place in April 2008, when the CUF walked away from the negotiating table following a CCM call for a referendum to approve of what had been presented as a done deal on the power-sharing agreement. In November 2009, the then-president of Zanzibar, Amani Abeid Karume, met with CUF secretary-general Seif Sharif Hamad at the State House to discuss how to save Zanzibar from future political turmoil and to end the animosity between them.
Another blackout happened from 10 December 2009 to 23 March 2010, caused by a problem with the submarine cable that formerly supplied electricity from mainland Tanzania.
The port was again rehabilitated between 2004 and 2009 with a 31 million euro grant from the European Union.
But the port is again facing problems, including sinking. Ferry accidents The MV Faith, which began its final journey at the port of Dar es Salaam, sank in May 2009 shortly before docking at the port of Malindi.
The previous 45-megawatt cable, which was seldom-maintained, was completed by Norway in 1980. Since May 2010, Pemba Island has had a 75-kilometer, 25-megawatt, subsea electrical link directly to mainland Tanzania.
Another blackout happened from 10 December 2009 to 23 March 2010, caused by a problem with the submarine cable that formerly supplied electricity from mainland Tanzania.
Only about 20 percent of the cable's capacity was being used in January 2011, so it is anticipated that the cable will meet the island's needs for 20 to 25 years. Between 70 and 75 percent of the electricity generated is used domestically while less than 20 percent is used industrially.
Six of the 25 people aboard lost their lives. The sinking of the MV Spice Islander I on 10 September 2011, after departing from Unguja island for Pemba Island, was the worst disaster in Tanzanian history.
In a report to the Zanzibar House of Representatives on 14 October 2011, Zanzibar's Second Vice President, Ambassador Seif Ali Iddi, said that 2,764 people were missing, 203 bodies had been recovered, and 619 passengers were rescued.
A presidential commission reported in October 2012 that overloading was the cause of the disaster. === Airport === Zanzibar's main airport, Abeid Amani Karume International Airport, has been able to handle large passenger planes since 2011, which has resulted in an increase in passenger and cargo inflows and outflows.
The laying of the cable was begun on 10 October 2012 by the Viscas Corporation of Japan and was funded by a US$28.1 million grant from the United States through the Millennium Challenge Corporation.
Severe overloading caused the ferry to sink. The MV Skagit, which also began its final journey at the port of Dar es Salaam, capsized in rough seas near Chumbe island on 18 July 2012.
A presidential commission reported in October 2012 that overloading was the cause of the disaster. === Airport === Zanzibar's main airport, Abeid Amani Karume International Airport, has been able to handle large passenger planes since 2011, which has resulted in an increase in passenger and cargo inflows and outflows.
The cable became operational on 13 April 2013.
Since another increase in capacity by the end of 2013, it can serve up to 1.5 million passengers per year.
The Case of Zanzibar/Tanzania (Dortmund, 2008) Amazon.de Christopher Gallop, Letters from East Africa (UK, Grosvenor House Publishing 2013) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/178148628X] == External links == Current and forecast weather for Zanzibar Government of Zanzibar President's office Swahili city-states Arabic-speaking countries and territories Former Portuguese colonies States and territories established in 1963 1963 establishments in Africa
Tourism in Zanzibar is a more recent activity, driven by government promotion that caused an increase from 19,000 tourists in 1985, to 376,000 in 2016.
Christ Church Cathedral, located in Stone Town, Zanzibar City, is a prominent landmark, and a national heritage asset. Christ Church Cathedral had fallen into poor condition by the late 20th century, but it was fully restored in 2016, at a cost of one million Euros, with a world heritage visitor centre.
Forested areas such as Jozani are inhabited by monkeys, bushpigs, small antelopes, African palm civets, and, as shown by a camera trap in June 2018, the elusive leopard.
Zanzibar House of Representatives members from both the ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi, and the opposition party, Civic United Front, disagreed and stood firmly in recognizing Zanzibar as a fully autonomous state. === Politics === Zanzibar has a government of national unity, with the president of Zanzibar being Hussein Ali Mwinyi, since 1 November 2020.
ACT-Wazalendo joined a coalition government with the islands’ ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi in December 2020 after Zanzibar disputed elections. == Geography == Zanzibar is one of the Indian Ocean islands.
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