Musicians such as Antonio Rodríguez de Hita were proficient in the shorter style of works, though he also wrote a full-scale zarzuela with de la Cruz entitled Las segadoras de Vallecas (The Reapers of Vallecas, 1768).
José Castel was one of several composers to write for the Teatro del Príncipe. ==19th century== In the 1850s and 1860s a group of patriotic writers and composers led by Francisco Barbieri and Joaquín Gaztambide revived the zarzuela form, seeing in it a possible release from French and Italian music hegemony.
Zarzuela grande battled on at the Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid, founded by Barbieri and his friends in the 1850s.
José Castel was one of several composers to write for the Teatro del Príncipe. ==19th century== In the 1850s and 1860s a group of patriotic writers and composers led by Francisco Barbieri and Joaquín Gaztambide revived the zarzuela form, seeing in it a possible release from French and Italian music hegemony.
Another notable composer from this period was Emilio Arrieta. ==Romantic zarzuela== After the Glorious Revolution of 1868, the country entered a deep crisis (especially economically), which was reflected in theatre.
At first it attempted to present the género grande, but it soon yielded to the taste and economics of the time, and became the "temple" of the more populist género chico in the late 1870s. Musical content from this era ranges from full-scale operatic arias (romanzas) through to popular songs, and dialogue from high poetic drama to lowlife comedy characters.
A newer theatre, the Apolo, opened in 1873.
The theatre was only introduced by the Spanish in 1878, despite having colonial rule since the middle of the 16th century.
There are also many types of zarzuela in between the two named genres, with a variety of musical and dramatic flavours. Many of the greatest zarzuelas were written in the 1880s and 1890s, but the form continued to adapt to new theatrical stimuli until well into the 20th century.
By 1880, majority of the performers and writers were Filipinos, notably Philippine national hero, José Rizal, who was fond of the play.
Music Theater and Popular Nationalism in Spain, 1880–1930.
There are also many types of zarzuela in between the two named genres, with a variety of musical and dramatic flavours. Many of the greatest zarzuelas were written in the 1880s and 1890s, but the form continued to adapt to new theatrical stimuli until well into the 20th century.
He contributed to the creation of the Orfeó Català in 1891, along with Lluís Millet.
In the 1920s, due to the introduction of the cinema, the zarzuela became widely popular in the rural areas, disabling the Americans from stopping the plays from spreading.
The zarzuela continued to flourish in the 1930s, thanks to composers of the stature of Pablo Sorozábal – who reinvigorated it as a vehicle for socio-political comment – Federico Moreno Torroba, and Francisco Alonso. However, the Spanish Civil War brought a decline of the genre, and after the Second World War, its extinction as a live genre was almost total.
There have been no significant new works created since the 1950s; the existing zarzuela repertoire is costly to produce, and many classics have been performed only sporadically in recent years, at least professionally. The genre has again found favour in Spain and elsewhere: younger people, in particular, have been drawn to its lyrical music and theatrical spectacle in the 1940s and 1950s.
These were based on lip syncs of the classic recordings of the 1940s and 1950s.
There have been no significant new works created since the 1950s; the existing zarzuela repertoire is costly to produce, and many classics have been performed only sporadically in recent years, at least professionally. The genre has again found favour in Spain and elsewhere: younger people, in particular, have been drawn to its lyrical music and theatrical spectacle in the 1940s and 1950s.
These were based on lip syncs of the classic recordings of the 1940s and 1950s.
UNESCO has cited the Philippine zarzuela as the national theatre and opera of the Philippines. ==Recorded zarzuela== From 1950 onwards, zarzuela prospered in a series of LP recordings from EMI, Hispavox and others, with worldwide distribution.
Spanish radio and television have dedicated time to zarzuela in 1978, not least in a popular series of programs produced by TVE and entitled Antología de la zarzuela ("Zarzuela Anthology").
(Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1990) Serna, Pierre-René.
(two vols.) Madrid, ICCMU, 2002-3 Cincotta, Vincent J.
Introducció a la seva obra (Palma de Mallorca: Edicions Documenta Balear, 2002) * Salaün, Serge.
Maryland, Scarecrow Press, 2002.
In March 2009, EuroArts released Amor, Vida de Mi Vida, a recording on Blu-ray disc of an August 2007 zarzuela concert by Plácido Domingo and Ana María Martínez, with the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg conducted by Jesús López-Cobos.
In March 2009, EuroArts released Amor, Vida de Mi Vida, a recording on Blu-ray disc of an August 2007 zarzuela concert by Plácido Domingo and Ana María Martínez, with the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg conducted by Jesús López-Cobos.
In 2011, the performing art was cited by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts as one of the intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines under the performing arts category that the government may nominate in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
In 2012, through a partnership with UNESCO, the Philippine government established the documents needed for the safeguarding of the Philippine zarzuela.
Bleu Nuit Éditeur, Paris, November 2012, 336 pp, 16,8 x 24 cm, Young, Clinton D.
Louisiana State University Press, 2016. Webber, Christopher.
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