It was basically a cylindrical variation of the phénakisticope, suggested almost immediately after the stroboscopic discs were introduced in 1833.
Most of the zoetrope-like devices created between 1833 and 1865 were intended for viewing photographic sequences, often with a stereoscopic effect.
Stampfer chose to publish his invention in the shape of a disc. ===William Horner (1834)=== After taking notice of Joseph Plateau's invention of the phénakisticope (published in London as "phantasmascope") British mathematician William George Horner thought up a cylindrical variation and published details about its mathematical principles in January 1834.
These included Johann Nepomuk Czermak's Stereophoroskop, about which he published an article in 1855.
On February 27, 1860 Peter Hubert Desvignes received British patent no.
Desvignes' Mimoscope, received an Honourable Mention "for ingenuity of construction" at the 1862 International Exhibition in London.
Most of the zoetrope-like devices created between 1833 and 1865 were intended for viewing photographic sequences, often with a stereoscopic effect.
The definitive version, with easily replaceable picture strips, was introduced as a toy by Milton Bradley in 1866 and became very successful. ==Etymology== The name zoetrope was composed from the Greek root words ζωή zoe, "life" and τρόπος tropos, "turning" as a translation of "wheel of life". The term was coined by inventor William E.
Some shop owners advertised the zoetrope in American newspapers in December 1866.
on March 6, 1867 under no.
In the United States it was patented as the Zoëtrope on April 23, 1867 by William E.
The huge cylinder was turned around by a gas engine and was operative at least from late 1867 to spring 1868. In 2008, Artem Limited, a UK visual effects house, built a 10-meter wide, 10-metric ton zoetrope for Sony, called the BRAVIA-drome, to promote Sony's motion interpolation technology.
The London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company was licensed as the British publisher and repeated most of the Milton Bradley animations, while adding a set of twelve animations by famous British illustrator George Cruikshank in 1870. ===James Clerk Maxwell's improved zoetrope=== In 1868 James Clerk Maxwell had an improved zoetrope constructed.
The huge cylinder was turned around by a gas engine and was operative at least from late 1867 to spring 1868. In 2008, Artem Limited, a UK visual effects house, built a 10-meter wide, 10-metric ton zoetrope for Sony, called the BRAVIA-drome, to promote Sony's motion interpolation technology.
It replaced the zoetrope's narrow viewing slits with an inner circle of mirrors that intermittently reflected the images. Soon after the zoetrope became popular, the flip book was introduced in 1868.
An article about the "Zootrope perfectionné" was published in French scientific magazine Le Cosmos in 1869, but the device was never marketed.
The London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company was licensed as the British publisher and repeated most of the Milton Bradley animations, while adding a set of twelve animations by famous British illustrator George Cruikshank in 1870. ===James Clerk Maxwell's improved zoetrope=== In 1868 James Clerk Maxwell had an improved zoetrope constructed.
This has been declared the largest zoetrope in the world by Guinness World Records. ==Successors== Émile Reynaud's 1877 praxinoscope was an improvement on the zoetrope that became popular toward the end of the 19th century.
A disadvantage of the flip book can be seen in the fact that the animation stops rather quickly, while the zoetrope can display animation as a continuous loop. Eadward Muybridge published his first chronophotography pictures in 1878.
These sequential pictures were soon mounted in zoetropes by several people (including Muybridge himself) and were also published as strips for the zoetrope in the 1880s.
In 1887, Étienne-Jules Marey used a large zoetrope to animate a series of plaster models based on his chronophotographs of birds in flight.
Muybridge's own Zoopraxiscope (1879) was an early moving image projector and one of several inventions made before the breakthrough in 1895. In 1895 Auguste and Louis Lumière were developing the Kinora simultaneously with the cinematograph.
Hopwood's 1899 book Living Pictures (see picture).
A similar device inside a small zoetrope drum with four slits, was marketed around 1900 by a Parisian company as L'Animateur (or The Animator).
A display of his design debuted in September 2001 in the Atlanta subway system tunnel and showed an advertisement to riders moving past.
Of his work, Collishaw says: "The zoetrope literally repeats characters to create an overwhelming orgy of violence that is simultaneously appalling and compelling." Each model figure was 3D printed with a fused deposition modeling technique in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. ===Peter Hudson=== Over the period 2002–2016, Peter Hudson and the makers at Spin Art, LLC, have created multiple interactive 3D stroboscopic zoetrope art installations.
Sisyphish, sometimes called The Playa Swimmers, was originally unveiled at the arts and culture event, Burning Man, in the Black Rock Desert of Nevada. Peter has since created stroboscopic zoetropes from 2004 to present including: Deeper (2004), Homouroboros (2007), Tantalus (2008), and Charon, which toured Europe and the United Kingdom in summer of 2012.
The original Toy Story Zoetrope still travels worldwide and has been shown in 34 national museums and art galleries in 18 countries since 2005. ===All Things Fall=== All Things Fall is a 3D printed zoetrope, created by British artist Mat Collishaw.
His design soon appeared, both commercially and artistically, in subway systems around North America, Asia, and Europe. In April 2006, the Washington Metro installed advertisement zoetropes between the Metro Center and Gallery Place subway stations.
It features a woman looking through the slits on a zoetrope while it moves; as she looks closer, the camera moves through the slits into the zoetrope, where the band is playing the song. In 2007, an image of a zoetrope was unveiled as one of BBC Two's new idents: a futuristic city with flying cars seen through the shape of the number two. In 2009 the E4 drama program Skins released silent preview clips of series four to coincide with their mash-up competition.
After falling into a state of disrepair, the "Masstransiscope" was restored in late 2008.
The other, "Union Square in Motion", was installed in 2011 by Spodek and students and alumni from Parsons the New School for Design's Art, Media, and Technology program in the Union Square station. ====Other places==== The Kyiv Metro (in Kyiv, Ukraine) also featured an advertisement about 2008 for Life mobile telephone carrier in one of its subway tunnels that featured the zoetrope effect.
The huge cylinder was turned around by a gas engine and was operative at least from late 1867 to spring 1868. In 2008, Artem Limited, a UK visual effects house, built a 10-meter wide, 10-metric ton zoetrope for Sony, called the BRAVIA-drome, to promote Sony's motion interpolation technology.
It features a woman looking through the slits on a zoetrope while it moves; as she looks closer, the camera moves through the slits into the zoetrope, where the band is playing the song. In 2007, an image of a zoetrope was unveiled as one of BBC Two's new idents: a futuristic city with flying cars seen through the shape of the number two. In 2009 the E4 drama program Skins released silent preview clips of series four to coincide with their mash-up competition.
One, "Bryant Park in Motion", was installed in 2010 at the Bryant Park subway station, and was created by Spodek and students at New York University's Tisch School of Arts' Interactive Telecommunications Program.
The other was installed at Hong Kong Disneyland from 2010 until 2017, and is now shown in Disneyland Paris as of late 2019.
The other, "Union Square in Motion", was installed in 2011 by Spodek and students and alumni from Parsons the New School for Design's Art, Media, and Technology program in the Union Square station. ====Other places==== The Kyiv Metro (in Kyiv, Ukraine) also featured an advertisement about 2008 for Life mobile telephone carrier in one of its subway tunnels that featured the zoetrope effect.
One of the clips featured the character Emily Fitch looking into a zoetrope. In 2011, Scott Blake created a "9/11 Zoetrope" allowing viewers to watch a continuous reenactment of United Airlines Flight 175 crashing into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. In 2012 animation studio Sehsucht, Berlin created the opener to the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards.
Sisyphish, sometimes called The Playa Swimmers, was originally unveiled at the arts and culture event, Burning Man, in the Black Rock Desert of Nevada. Peter has since created stroboscopic zoetropes from 2004 to present including: Deeper (2004), Homouroboros (2007), Tantalus (2008), and Charon, which toured Europe and the United Kingdom in summer of 2012.
One of the clips featured the character Emily Fitch looking into a zoetrope. In 2011, Scott Blake created a "9/11 Zoetrope" allowing viewers to watch a continuous reenactment of United Airlines Flight 175 crashing into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. In 2012 animation studio Sehsucht, Berlin created the opener to the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards.
It was directed by Mate Steinforth and produced by Christina Geller In 2013, director Jeff Zwart created a two-minute film, "Forza/Filmspeed", promoting Forza Motorsport 5.
The other was installed at Hong Kong Disneyland from 2010 until 2017, and is now shown in Disneyland Paris as of late 2019.
The other was installed at Hong Kong Disneyland from 2010 until 2017, and is now shown in Disneyland Paris as of late 2019.
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